Rigakafi nonspecific da kuma takamaiman: sunadaran, sabanin

Rigakafi - wata kalma cewa ga mafi yawan mutane kusan sihiri. Gaskiyar cewa kowane kwayoyin yana da nasa peculiar kawai don shi kayyade bayanai, sabili da haka rigakafi ga cututtuka kowane mutum ne daban-daban.

To, abin da yake da shi - da na rigakafi da tsarin?

Lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, duk wanda yake saba da makaranta manhaja a ilmin halitta, shi ne game da abin da rigakafi - ne da ikon na jiki don ta kare kanta daga duk kasashen waje, cewa an, tsayayya da mataki na qeta jamiái. Bugu da ƙari, duka biyu masu shiga jiki daga waje (ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtuka da kuma daban-daban da sinadaran abubuwa), da kuma wadanda wanda aka kafa a cikin jiki, kamar cancerous ko matattu, kuma lalace Kwayoyin. Duk wani abu da cewa yana da waje kayyade bayani, shi ne wani antigen cewa an zahiri da aka fassara - "anti-gene". Specific da nonspecific rigakafi yana bayar da wani Hadakar kuma hadewa aiki gawarwaki alhakin samar da takamaiman abubuwa da Kwayoyin cewa zai iya sauri gane cewa jikinsa, da kuma cewa - waje, da kuma mayalwaci amsa ga kasashen waje mamayewa.

Antibodies da kuma rawar da suka taka a cikin jiki

Na rigakafi da tsarin da farko gane wani antigen, sa'an nan yayi kokarin hallaka shi. A wannan yanayin da jiki samar na musamman da furotin da tsarin - antibody. Sun tãshi zuwa ga lokacin da ingested wani pathogen. Antibodies - musamman sunadaran (immunoglobulins), samar da leukocytes domin su kau da yiwuwar m antigens - microbes, gubobi, ciwon daji Kwayoyin.

By gaban antibodies, kuma su magana ƙaddara da wani gwada yawa, jikin mutum ya kamu ko ba, da kuma ko yana da isasshen rigakafi (musamman da nonspecific) da wani musamman cuta. Samun wasu antibodies a cikin jini, yana yiwuwa ba kawai zana a ƙarshe game da kasancewar kamuwa da cuta, ko malignancy, amma kuma sanin da irin. Shi ne a kan kayyade gaban antibodies zuwa pathogens jam'i na musamman cututtuka tushen bincike gwaje-gwaje da kuma kima. Alal misali, lokacin da Elisha jini samfurin da aka gauraye da wani baya shirya antigen. Idan akwai wani martani, yana nufin cewa jiki ta antibodies ne ba zuwa gare shi, saboda haka, da kuma wakili kansa.

Iri-iri na rigakafi da kariya

A ta asalin wadannan iri rigakafi: takamaiman da kuma wadanda ba musamman. A karshen ne a nakasar da kuma directed a kan wani waje abu.

Nonspecific rigakafi - hadaddun m abubuwa da kwayoyin, wanda, bi da bi, zuwa kashi 4 iri.

1. By inji abubuwa (shafe fata da kuma mucous membranes, gashin idanu, akwai sneezing, tari).
2. A sunadarai (acid gumi, hawaye kuma yau, hanci sallama).
3. By da humoral dalilai na m kumburi lokaci (najumla tsarin, coagulation, lactoferrin da transferrin, interferons, lysozyme).
4. Don tantanin halitta (phagocytes, halitta kisa Kwayoyin).

Specific rigakafi aka kira samu ko Na'urar. An directed a kan zabe kasashen waje abubuwa da kuma bayyana kanta a biyu siffofin - da humoral da kuma salon salula.

Specific da kuma wadanda ba takamaiman rigakafi, ta sunadaran

La'akari, bambanta da juna da iri na nazarin halittu kariya daga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Non-takamaiman da kuma takamaiman rigakafi sunadaran aka raba da kudi na dauki da kuma mataki. Dalilai na halitta rigakafi fara kare nan da nan, da zaran pathogen ratsa ta cikin fata, ko mucosa, kuma kada ku ajiye memory na hulda da cutar. Sun yi aiki a ko'ina cikin lokaci na yaki da kwayoyin zuwa kamuwa da cuta, amma sosai yadda ya kamata - a farkon kwanaki hudu bayan da cutar ta shiga, sa'an nan kuma yin aiki da sunadaran da takamaiman rigakafi. Babban kare kwayoyin daga ƙwayoyin cuta a lokacin da wadanda ba-takamaiman rigakafi ne lymphocytes da kuma interferon. Halitta kisa Kwayoyin gane, kuma ya halaka kamuwa Kwayoyin da kamuwa da cuta kasaftawa cytotoxins. A karshe hanyar tsara cell kisan.

Kamar yadda wani misali ba za mu iya la'akari da wani tsarin ba da aikin na interferon. Lokacin da wani kwayar cutar, da Kwayoyin haduwa interferon kuma saki a gare shi a cikin sarari tsakanin Kwayoyin, inda shi ta ɗaure a rabe wasu lafiya Kwayoyin. Wadannan su hulda a Kwayoyin uchalichivaetsya kira na biyu sabuwar enzymes synthetase da kuma gina jiki, da farko na wanda damuarn kira na kwayar sunadarai, da kuma na biyu waje cleaves RNA. A sakamakon haka, wasu kwayar cututtuka jam'iyya shãmaki kafa daga uninfected Kwayoyin.

Halitta da kuma wucin gadi rigakafi

Specific da kuma wadanda ba musamman m rigakafi da tsarin ne zuwa kashi na halitta da kuma wucin gadi. Kowane daga cikinsu shi ne aiki, ko m. Halitta samu halitta hanya. Halitta aiki cuta bayyana bayan warke. Alal misali, mutane da suka sha wahala a annoba, ba kamu da haƙuri kula. Halitta m - placental colostral, transovarial.

Artificial rigakafi da aka gano a sakamakon gabatarwar a cikin kwayoyin na attenuated ko kashe kwayoyin. Artificial aiki bayyana bayan alurar riga kafi. Artificial m samu ta amfani da magani. Tare da aiki kwayoyin halitta antibodies kadai a sakamakon cuta, ko aiki allurar rigakafi. Shi ne mafi barga da kuma dogon-m, zai iya dage domin shekaru masu yawa ko ma a rayuwa. M rigakafi aka samu ta yin amfani da antibodies artificially gabatar da allurar rigakafi. Shi ne kasa m, shi aiki bayan kamar wata sa'o'i kadan bayan da gwamnatin antibodies kuma yana daga 'yan makonni zuwa watanni.

Specific da kuma wadanda ba takamaiman rigakafi bambance-bambance

Non-takamaiman rigakafi da aka kira na halitta, kwayoyin. Wannan dukiya ne kwayoyin da cewa an genetically gaji da wakilan wannan nau'in. Alal misali, a can ne mutum rigakafi da kare da kuma bera annoba. M rigakafi za a iya raunana da sakawa a iska mai guba ko yunwa. M rigakafi aka gane ta wajen monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages, neutrophils. Specific da nonspecific rigakafi dalilai da kuma daban-daban duration. Specific bayyananne 4 days daga baya, da kira na musamman antibodies da kuma samuwar T-lymphocytes. Lokacin da aka kunna wannan ta hanyar samuwar immunological memory T- da B-memory Kwayoyin ga wani takamaiman pathogen. Immunological memory aka adana ci gaba da kuma shi ne ainihin wani ya fi dacewa na biyu rigakafi mataki. Ya dogara ne a kan wannan dukiya da ikon da alluran hana cututtuka.

Specific rigakafi ne aka yi nufi don kare jiki, wanda aka halitta a lokacin da ci gaban da mutum kwayoyin a lokacin da rai. Lokacin iya shiga cikin jikin wani wuce kima adadin cuta pathogens shi iya attenuated, ko da yake cutar zai faru a wani m form.

Mene ne rigakafi da tsarin na wani jariri?

Mun kawai haife baby Dama akwai kebantattun nonspecific da kuma takamaiman, wanda a hankali ya qara da kowane wucewa rana. A farko watanni na rayuwa cikin baby can don taimaka uwãyensu antibodies, wanda ya samu daga ta hanyar mahaifa, sa'an nan samun tare da nono. Wannan m rigakafi, shi ne ba resistant da kuma kare jariri har game 6 watanni. Saboda haka, yana jariri ne rigakafi ga irin cututtuka kamar kyanda, rubella, da mulufi zazzabi, mumps da sauransu.

A hankali, kazalika da maganin, na rigakafi da tsarin da yaro zai koyi, don samar da antibodies kuma su yi tsayayya dauke da kwayar cutar jamiái a kan nasu, amma tsari ne lengthy kuma sosai na sirri. A karshe samuwar tsarin na rigakafi na yaro ya kammala da shekaru uku. A yaron a ƙarƙashin da shekaru na rigakafi da tsarin ba gaba daya kafa, don haka da jariri ne ya fi girma fiye da ya fara tasawa saukin kamuwa zuwa mafi kwayoyin da ƙwayoyin cuta. Amma wannan ba ya nufin cewa jiki ne gaba daya defenseless jariri, ya iya yin tsayayya da yawa dauke da kwayar cutar tsõkana.

Nan da nan bayan haihuwa da jariri da aka fuskanta zuwa gare su, kuma sannu a hankali san ya zauna tare da su, samar da m antibodies. A hankali microbes mallakeku hanji yaro, raba cikin amfani don taimaka narkewa da sharri, da cewa ba ya bayyana kanta har da karye microflora balance. Alal misali, microbes mallakeku da mucous membranes na nasopharynx da tonsils, ibid taso m antibody. Idan shigar azzakari cikin farji daga kamuwa da cuta jiki riga yana antibodies da shi, ko ba ci gaba da cutar, ko kara a wani sauƙi hanya. A wannan dukiya, jiki tushen m allurar rigakafin.

ƙarshe

Ya kamata a tuna da cewa nonspecific da kuma takamaiman rigakafi - a kayyade aiki, wato, kowane jiki da ke sa shi zama dole ga mai yawan daban-daban m dalilai, kuma idan ta isa, ga wasu da wannan daya - ba. Conversely, wanda zai iya bãyar gaba ɗaya ga m zama dole, yayin zuwa wani mutum da m jiki bukatar yafi. Bugu da kari, da halayen da ke faruwa a cikin jiki, su ne maras tabbas isa, tun da aiki da tsarin na rigakafi - m tsari da kuma dogara a kan wani iri-iri ciki da waje dalilai.