Karbuwa daga kwayoyin da yanayi. Karbuwa daga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta: misalai

Biology sani lokuta da dama a lokacin da bazata m tafi daga babban yawan kungiyar iya a 'yan ƙarni ta samar da dukan sabon look. Wani lokaci ta faru da cewa a lokaci guda a cikin wannan yanki ci gaba da rayuwa samfurori da iyaye jinsunan.

Nnemalo ma misalai inda jinsin da ka rayu a kullum canja yanayi. Sau da yawa a karkashin "canji" yana nufin ci gaba da tabarbarewar da muhimmanci ãyõyi. Idan waje wannan fanni ra'ayoyi sau da yawa kawai mutuwa fita.

Fage rayuwa

The masana kimiyya ƙarasa da cewa jinsin na da damar rayuwa ne kawai idan za rayayye canza, adapting to hanzari canza yanayi. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira phyletic kebantaccen. A wannan yanayin, shi ne kafa ba kawai fitness kwayoyin da yanayi, amma kuma ya ci gaba gaba daya sabon ga alamun talikai.

A wannan duniya tamu, don haka yanzu akwai miliyoyin jinsunan. Shin wannan ba shaidar da ikon rayuwa, ta m canzawa?! Abin baƙin ciki, 'yan shekaru miliyan da suka wuce, talikan sun fi girma sosai. Da dama kankara shekaru daban-daban da kuma m upheavals na sauyin yanayi ya kai ga gaskiya cewa bambancin jinsi ya ki gunaguni ƙwarai. Kawai mafi daidaita tsira.

Muhimmanci misalai na adaptations

Brilliant daidai da gabobin halittu masu rai da ayyuka daga a tarihi mai nisa don jawo hankalin mutane da hankali: yunkurin kirkiro glider tare da wani reshe a cikin siffar tsuntsu, da gina jiragen ruwa tare da contours kama jiki na saltwater kifi. Amma mafi daukan hankali a cikin m, jitu wasan bayyanar shuke-shuke da dabbobi da yanayi na halitta da mazauninsu.

Hakika, da misalai ne m. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a cikin wannan labarin, yana yiwuwa ya gaya kawai wasu mutane wanda dabiu na adaptability zuwa yanayi ne mafi bayyananna kuma a fili tabbatar da gaskiya da Darwin.

tsuntsãye

Saboda haka, mutumin dade da aka sani game da muhimmancin m saka launi da tsuntsaye da kuma su kajin da kuma qwai musamman. A capercaillie, black takaddamarsu da kuma partridges (bude nesting) kwai harsashi kusan daidai blends tare da bango na kewayenta. A general, mace juya ma indistinguishable daga kewaye wuri mai faɗi lokacin da kyan gani, daga gefen. A mafi ban sha'awa shi ne gaskiya cewa mace da kuma qwai tsuntsaye cewa gida a hollows da sauran boye wurare, sau da yawa da sosai haske launi (wannan aku, misali).

kwari

Kuma abin da su ne siffofin da karbuwa ga yanayi da kwari? To, su ne mafi yawa fiye da dukan membobin wannan aji. Muna tunanin cewa kowa ya san mai daukan hankali kama itace kwari tare da bushe twigs. Wasu bincike a cikin wannan yanki har yanzu ana amfani da sojoji a yankin na "gandun daji" fari obscurant kayayyaki.

Duk da haka, da gawawwakin da yawa caterpillars suna kama da rassan, kuma da fuka-fuki na malam zai iya samun itatuwa bar yankin inda suke zaune. Ga shi ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin wannan harka akwai wani jitu saje da patronizing jiki siffar da patronizing guda launi. Wasu malam kamar yadda suka saje a tare da kewaye ƙasa, yana da wuya a bambanta daga ganye, ko a kusa da iyaka. Idan ka fiye ko žasa san ilmin halitta, da kyau kaga duk bambancin da aji na kwari. Da zarar a cikin gandun daji ko filin, ka gani ba fiye da 2-3% na jimlar yawan. Wasu kawai masked.

Amma! Ya kamata ba za a zaci cewa misalai na karbuwa daga kwayoyin tsare a wani banal sake kama. Tunanin da Na'urar launi lokacin da haske launin, "m" kwari kamar yadda lokaci ba rare tare da yara, kamar yadda su ne Masani game da sharply korau edibility. Saboda haka, chickadee ko wani sparrow, kamar wata sau a cikin matasa kokarin ciji bedbug-soja, domin rayuwa haddace su caustic, m iyawa.

Bugu da kari, fasali na karbuwa daga kwayoyin da yanayi hada da mimicry. Wannan sabon abu ne reminiscent m saka launi, amma "a kan m". Alal misali, wasu defenseless da edible jinsunan iya daidai koyi da kwari da suke da guba ko da wani m iyawa. Alal misali, osovidnye Kudaje ƙwarai kama wasps, wanda suke jin tsoro ko don yawa tsuntsaye. Duk wannan ya nuna cewa da karbuwa daga kwayoyin da yanayi ne kawai da wannan Na'urar, Na'urar a yanayi.

A mafi girma dabbobi masu shayarwa

Duk wannan za a iya gani a cikin misalin da hakan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Canza launi da zebras alama haske da kuma fi m, shi ke kawai shi daidai haka da sãɓãwar haske da kuma inuwa a cikin wani ƙunci da ciyawa, wanda damar waɗannan dabbobi zuwa lafiya mask a Savannah. Shaidu tabbatar da cewa untrained mutane wani lokacin ba su lura ko da zebras a bude, daga nesa na 50-70 m.

sauran siffofin

Wasu halittu su ne ma fi abin mamaki da kuma tasiri karbuwa ga organismic mazauninsu. Muna magana ne game da hawainiya, da kuma zurfin, wanda zai iya canza launi na jiki, samar da wani redistribution kwayoyin pigments a cikin fata chromatophores. Kada ka manta da cewa m saka launi , da kuma sauran m dalilai da cika fuska inganta su yadda ya dace a karkashin yanayin da ya dace hali. Wadannan sun hada da reflex Fading, yanke shawara kyaun hali, wanda shine na hali na yawan adadin jinsin dabbobi.

Inda ya aikata wannan ikon da halittu masu rai?

A gaskiya, inda ya yi da karbuwa daga kwayoyin da yanayi? A general, a baya sashe mun riga ya ji mai girma Darwin: idan wata dabba ko shuka iya tsira da mutuncin canjin yanayi ko wasu yanayi, shi ne yara za su zama ya fi na kowa. Saboda haka, babban dalilin talikan da wani sabon na'urorin ne kawai zabin yanayi. Bari ta nuna shi a kan wani m misali, da tattauna game da rayuwar iyali takaddamarsu da cewa rayuwa a cikin ƙananan gandun daji alfarwa.

tsarin fasali

Bari mu tuna da asali fasali na waje tsarin da waɗannan tsuntsaye: da baki ne gajere, ba hana rarake ciyar da kai tsaye daga cikin gandun daji kasa (ciki har da da snow cover). a kan ƙafãfu - m fringed substrate, tare da abin da suke iya amince tafiya, ko da a cikin zurfin snow. Features alkalami tsarin damar da su zuwa ciyar da dare, da kansa binne a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma a takaice, m fuka-fuki yi takaddamarsu 'yan daga tsuntsãye, wanda shi ne samuwa a mike, kusan tsaye Yunƙurin.

ya quite ma'ana to zaton cewa kakanninsu da irin wannan na'urorin ya kasance ba a gani. Mafi m, bayan da canji da dama wasu muhalli dalilai (corny colder), su aka tilasta saje da hanzari canza yanayi, gami da sanyi.

aiwatar da canje-canje

Ci gaba da akwai sabon maye gurbi a cikin mararraba sanya su daban-daban haduwa, da kuma kalaman yawan jama'a sanya mafi iri-irin da kuma barga. Ba mamaki, da tsuntsaye ne daban-daban daga juna da dama da cututtuka: a kan yatsun wani fimbriae sun kasance, a wasu mutane taqaitaccen baki da fuka-fuki.

Abin da aka bayyana, fitness kwayoyin da yanayi? Gaskiyar ita ce, a lokacin da gudana interspecies fafitikar to tsira kawai ne ga waɗanda tsuntsãye, tsarin sigogi ne mafi m tare da kewaye duniya. A zabin aiwatar da zarar sun bar mafi zũriyarmu, kuma shi ne mafi sau da yawa na tsira, da kuma a cikin wani adadin isa ya samar da wata sabuwar yawan jama'a. A sabon ƙarni kawo sabuwar maye gurbi da kuma aiwatar an maimaita daga farkon.

Attaching amfani halaye da kuma halaye

Ga wasu maye gurbi suna cikin wadanda wanda aka karfafa da kuma kulla bayyanuwar cututtuka da ya bayyana a baya. Babu shakka, da tsuntsayen da wadannan canje-canje da aka bayyana, ya muhimmanci mafi damar ba kawai su tsira, amma kuma ga baya haifa. Domin a zamaninsu, duk wadannan ayoyi suna tara da kuma gyarawa har akwai baki takaddamarsu, wanda muka sani a yau.

Lamarck ta ka'idar saba wa juna

An sani cewa ka'idar Darwin, ta sha bamban daga zaton cewa an sa a gaba ta hanyar Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Karshe na ce cewa duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ne batun sauya ƙarƙashin rinjayar da yanayi, amma kawai a cikin shugabanci da cewa shi ne musamman amfani a gare su. Amma wannan shi ne m: abin da yake da sakamako iya taimakawa wajen da spines hedgehogs?

Kawai rinjayar zabin yanayi zai iya yi bayanin asalin wannan mai amfani da na'urar. An zaci cewa mai nisa ƙwarai, kakanninsa ezhinyh iya tsira, an rufe mafi ogrubevayuschim nunawa. Zama daya a rayuwa da kuma samar da zuriya kuma samun amfanin wadanda "protoezhey" wanda suke sa'ar samun mafi tsawo da kuma m spines.

Sauran "ƙayayuwa" misalai

A daidai wannan hanya ya tafi "bristling hedgehogs" daga Madagascar. Muna magana ne game da sofane, da 'yan iri beraye kuma hamsters ƙayar.

Yana aikata karbuwa daga kwayoyin da yanayi a kalla wasu kowa bayyanar cututtuka? Masana kimiyya bayar da shawarar cewa ginshikai na wannan irin na'urorin da ke kowa a dukkan lokuta: gaskiyar cewa sun bayyana ba sau ɗaya, ba don daya ko biyu da al'ummomi. A akasin wannan, da bayyanar - wani tsari tsawo da kuma rikitarwa. Ya kamata ba za a manta da cewa a cikin juyin hanya mai cike da matattu-karshen rassan da m "fasaha mafita" yanayi. Wannan za mu yanzu tattauna.

zumunta fitness

A lokacin da Darwin ta karbuwa daga dabbobi zuwa ga yanayi aiki a matsayin gagarimin shaidar kasancewar Allah da immeasurable hikimar Mahaliccin: yadda iya halitta ba tare da irin wannan "jagorancin" kai-tsara a duniya ne don haka m, daidaita hanya!?

Yana rinjaye da ra'ayin cewa kowace sifa daga abin da aka zaune kwayoyin shi ne cikakken m kuma daidai da yayi dace da aikin da aka sanya wa shi. Saboda haka, an elongated proboscis mouthparts cikin malam taimakawa ya cire Nectar daga ko mafi "wuya" na furanni, shuke-shuke da kuma karbuwa ga yanayi a cikin irin na lokacin farin ciki kututturan cacti da sauran tsire suna fi dacewa dace domin adanar ruwa na dogon lokaci.

Abin baƙin ciki, har ma da yawa zamani masana kimiyya ci gaba da yi wa halitta kamar yadda wani m sculptor, kowanne daga abin halitta ne cikakke kuma ma'asumai. Amma! Yana da muhimmanci a yi sosai bayyana a fili cewa shi ne, ba haka ba ne!

A zamani nazarin karbuwa ga yanayi ya nuna cewa duk canje-canje ne ko da yaushe zumunta, tun da tsari ne da yawa fiye da hankali a real canji a muhalli da yanayi. Haka kuma, da yawa daga cikin siffofin iya zama dole ba, da kuma wani lokacin har cutarwa ga jiki, idan duniya ne game da canja.

shaida game da

Hujja na cewa da karbuwa daga rayayyun kwayoyin halitta shi ne ra'ayi sosai, sosai dangi, suna da wadannan misalai:

• Daga wasu makiya masu gadi suna tasiri, amma sauran dabbobi suna ceton ba musamman mai kyau. M kifi farin ciki don ciyar a kan katantanwa, Cones, da kuma mai guba m caterpillars hada a rage cin abinci cuckoo.
• Ba dukan dabbobi da numfashinsa gaske ne ya dace da mayalwaci dangantaka da muhalli da yanayi. Tunani na asu, wanda tara hirtsinta da haske launuka, a fili a bayyane a dare: su ne kamar sauri tashi a cikin harshen wuta daga bonfires da kyandirori, ko mutuwa a lokaci guda.
• Gawan kayan aikin a daya yanayi da suke da gaske da amfani, suna cutarwa, kuma ko da hatsari a wasu yanayi. Saboda haka, da geese, wanda ba a cikin rayuwarsa bai fada a cikin ruwa, akwai webbed paws.
• Beavers, wasu daga cikin mafi kyau "injiniyoyi" a cikin yanayi, rayayye gina madatsar ruwa, ko da a cikin m tafkunan da kuma yin iyo wuraren waha, wanda shi ne a sharar gida na iko.

Sama-sama dangantakar da aka bayyana a cikin akwati daga waɗanda dabbobi, wanda mahaifarsa da aka located a wasu ƙarshen duniya, amma wanda aka gabatar da mutumin a cikin wani sabon gaba daya domin su mazauninsu. Kawai sa, shi ne zumunta yanayin da adaptability daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da kuma tabbatar da cewa yanayi ne ba ko da yaushe ma'asumi.