A crystalline tsarin karafa. A crystal raga da karafa

Daya daga cikin na kowa kayan, wanda ya kullum fĩfĩta aiki mutane da aka karfe. A kowane shekaru son na daban-daban na wadannan ban mamaki abubuwa. Saboda haka, IV-III Millennium BC dauke halkolita karni, ko jan karfe. Daga baya, sai aka maye gurbinsu da tagulla, sa'an nan kuma shiga zuwa da karfi daya da cewa wannan rana shi ne dacewa - baƙin ƙarfe.

Yau a duk wuya su yi tunanin cewa a wani lokaci shi yiwuwa a zasu tafi tare da karfe kayayyakin, domin kusan duk abin da daga gidan abubuwa, likita kida da kuma kawo karshen tare da nauyi da kuma haske kayan aiki da aka hada da wannan abu, ko ya hada a membobinsu da mutum sassa na shi. Me ake karfe gudanar samun irin shahararsa? Mene ne musamman bayyananne da kuma yadda aka kafa a cikin su tsari, kokarin gane on.

A janar ra'ayi da karafa

"Chemistry Grade 9." - wannan shi ne wani littafi, wanda ya shafi dalibai koyo. Wannan shi ne inda karafa ake yi karatu a daki-daki. La'akari da su jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties na babban babi aka sadaukar, a matsayin bambancin da su musamman high.

Shi ne daga wannan shekaru bayar da shawarar da ba wa yara wani ra'ayin game da wadannan kwayoyin zarra da dũkiyõyinsu, saboda matasa riga iya quite yaba da darajar da irin wannan ilmi. Suna ganin cewa bambancin kewaye abubuwa, inji da kuma sauran abubuwa dogara ne a kan kawai da yanayin da karfe.

Mene ne karfe? A cikin sharuddan sunadarai, bisa ga sunadaran sanya su ne wadanda da suke da:

• kananan yawan electrons a kan outermost matakin.
• nuna karfi rage Properties.
• da manyan atomic radius.
• a matsayin mai sauki abu da yawan takamaiman jiki Properties.

Dalili na ilimi a kan wadannan abubuwa za a iya samu ta hanyar la'akari da atomic crystal tsarin karafa. Wannan shi ya bayyana duk siffofin da kaddarorin da mahadi.

A lokaci-lokaci tsarin karafa cire mafi daga cikin dukan tebur, saboda sun samar da wani subgroup dukkan gefe da kuma saman na farko zuwa na uku kungiyar. Saboda haka, su na lamba magabaci ne bayyananne. Mafi na kowa ne:

• alli.
• sodium.
• titanium;
• baƙin ƙarfe.
• magnesium.
• aluminum.
• potassium.

All karafa da yawan Properties cewa ba ka damar hada su a cikin daya babban rukuni na abubuwa. Bi da bi, wadannan kaddarorin an bayyana ta da crystal tsarin karafa.

Properties na karafa

A takamaiman Properties daga cikin abubuwa a cikin tambaya hada da wadannan.

1. Ƙarfe luster. All wakilan sauki abubuwa mallake su, da kuma mafiya yawa daga cikin wannan silvery-farin launi. Kawai 'yan (zinariya, jan kuma gami) ya bambanta.
2. Malleability da ductility - ikon deform da kuma mai da saukin isa. Daban-daban da wakilan da aka bayyana a daban-daban digiri.
3. A lantarki watsin da thermal watsin - daya daga cikin asali Properties cewa kayyade filin na aikace-aikace na karfe da kuma ta gami.

A crystalline tsarin da karafa da kuma gami, ya bayyana dalilin hakan ga kowane daga cikin kaddamarda dũkiyarsu da kuma nuna tsananin kowane musamman wakilin. Idan ka san siffofin irin wannan tsarin, yana yiwuwa su yi tasiri cikin kaddarorin da samfurin da kuma daidaita shi zuwa ga so saituna, wanda shi ne abin da mutane da yawa da suka gabata.

Atomic-crystalline tsarin da karafa

To, abin da yake wannan tsarin, halin da abin da? Sunan kanta ya ce duk da karafa ne lu'ulu'u a cikin m jihar, wato, a karkashin al'ada yanayi (sai Mercury, wanda shi ne wani ruwa). Kuma abin da ke cikin crystal?

Wannan al'ada zana hoton gina ta rarrabawa da kirkirarrun Lines ta hanyar kwayoyin zarra da gina jiki. A wasu kalmomin, kowane hada da karfe kwayoyin halitta. Suna located in shi ne ba m, da kuma sosai daidai da consistently. Saboda haka, idan ka wajen tunani gama duk wadannan barbashi cikin guda tsari, za ka samu wani kyakkyawan image na yau da kullum na lissafi jiki na duk wani nau'i.

Wannan shi ake kira da karfe crystal raga. Yana da matukar rikitarwa, kuma da sarari girma, don haka ya rage wuya show ba duk da shi, amma kawai wani bangare na naúra cell. The tarin irin wannan Kwayoyin taru suka nuna a cikin uku-girma sarari, da kuma Forms crystal raga. Chemistry, kimiyyar lissafi, kuma metallurgy - a kimiyya da hulda da nazarin tsarin fasali na irin Tsarin.

Naúrar cell kanta - shi ne mai sa na kwayoyin halitta da cewa ana shirya a wani nesa daga juna da kuma daidaita zagaye kanta tsananin ajali yawan sauran barbashi. An halin da shiryawa yawa, da nisa tsakanin bangaren Tsarin, da daidaituwa da lambar. A general, duk wadannan sigogi ne halayyar da crystal kuma, sabili da haka, wakiltar da kuma nuna da kaddarorin na karfe.

Akwai da dama iri na ƙarau lattices. Yana hadawa su duk wani alama - nodes ne kwayoyin halitta, kuma aka located ciki na electron gas girgije wanda aka kafa ta free motsi electrons a cikin ƙarau.

Iri crystal lattices

Goma sha huɗu bambance-bambancen karatu raga tsarin Ya hade cikin uku main iri. Suna nan kamar haka:

1. Bcc.
2. Hep.
3. Face-tsakiya cubic.

A crystalline tsarin karafa an yi karatu ne kawai ta hanyar electron bincike da madubin likita, a lõkacin da ya yiwu, don samar da manyan ƙaruwa a cikin hoton. A rarrabuwa da iri grids karo na farko ya jagoranci Faransa masanin kimiyya Brava, a cikin abin da suka wani lokaci ana kira sunayen.

Jikin-tsakiya raga

A tsarin da karfe raga na da irin wannan wakiltar wadannan tsarin. Wannan shi ne wani shigen sukari wanda nodes ne guda takwas kwayoyin halitta. Wani aka located in tsakiyar free ciki sarari na cell, wanda ya bayyana da sunan "jiki-tsakiya".

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin bambance-bambancen karatu da mafi sauki tsarin naúrar cell, ya kuma inganta raga a matsayin dukan. Wannan irin yana da wadannan karafa:

• molybdenum.
• vanadium.
• Chrome.
• manganese.
• alpha-baƙin ƙarfe.
• beta-baƙin ƙarfe da sauransu.

Babban Properties na wadannan wakilan - wani babban mataki na malleability da ductility, taurin da karko.

fuska-tsakiya raga

Crystal tsarin karfe ciwon fuska-tsakiya cubic raga, shi ne da wadannan tsarin. Wannan shigen sukari, wanda ya hada da a cikin mambobi goma sha huɗu kwayoyin halitta. Takwas na su ulla wannan raga nodes, da kuma shida da ake located ɗaya a kowane gefe.

Bã su da wani irin wannan tsarin:

• aluminum.
• nickel.
• kai;
• gamma-baƙin ƙarfe.
• tagulla.

Babban bayãnin hukuncin siffofin - haskaka launi daban-daban, haske, karfi, ductility, high jure lalata.

kyakkyawan raga

A crystal tsarin da karafa da ciwon da irin wannan grating wadannan. A zuciya na naúra cell ne kyakkyawan Prism. A ta nodes located 12 kwayoyin halitta, biyu daga cikin sansanonin da uku kwayoyin halitta da yardar kaina karya a cikin sarari a tsakiyar tsarin. Kawai goma sha bakwai kwayoyin halitta.

Irin wannan hadaddun sanyi ne karafa kamar:

• alpha titanium;
• magnesium.
• alpha-cobalt.
• tutiya.

Main halaye - high ƙarfi, karfi da azurfa haske.

Lahani crystalline karfe tsarin

Duk da haka, duk da sama iri Kwayoyin iya samun halitta lahani, ko ake kira lahani. Wannan na iya zama saboda daban-daban dalilai: da waje kwayoyin zarra da impurities a karafa da sauran waje tsoma.

Saboda haka, akwai wani rarrabuwa da ta nuna cewa lahani da za su yi crystal lattices. Chemistry kimiyya karatu kowane daga cikinsu ya gano haddasawa da kuma magunguna da kayan Properties aka ba su canja ba. Saboda haka, da wadannan lahani.

1. Point. Sun zo a cikin uku main iri: gurbi najasa kwayoyin halitta ko gurde. Kai ga tabarbarewar a cikin Magnetic Properties na karfe, ta lantarki da kuma thermal watsin.
2. Ƙirgar, ko sāke wuri. Ware gefe da kuma dunƙule. Kaskantar da karfin da ingancin abu.
3. Surface lahani. Shafi bayyanar da tsarin karafa.

A halin yanzu, hanyoyin da aka ɓullo da kawar da lahani kuma su sami tsarki lu'ulu'u. Duk da haka, shi ne ba zai yiwu ya kauda su, da manufa crystal raga ba ya wanzu.

Tamanin da ilmi na crystalline tsarin da karafa

Daga cikin gabatar ba abu a fili yake cewa ilimi na kudin tsarin da kuma tsarin damar hango ko hasashen da kaddarorin abu da kuma tasiri su. Kuma shi ba ka damar yin kimiyya na sunadarai. Grade 9 makarantun sakandare da ke sa ilmantarwa tsari mayar da hankali a kan abin da dalibai ta samar da wata bayyana ra'ayi na da muhimmancin da muhimman hakkokin ma'ana sarkar: abun da ke ciki - tsarin - Properties - aikace-aikace.

Domin bayani game da crystalline tsarin karafa ne sosai a fili ya nuna wannan dangantaka da kuma damar da malamin to a fili bayyana da kuma nuna yara yadda muhimmanci shi ne ya san kudin tsarin to daidai da nagarta sosai amfani da duk na da kaddarorin.