Submarine - menene wannan? Rasha submarine

A submarine - shi ne mai raba aji na jiragen ruwa da suke iya nutse har zuwa babban zurfin da na dogon lokaci a karkashin ruwa. Yau submarines ne babban dabara makami na Navy na wata al'umma. Su Babban amfani - stealth. Wannan ya sa submarines makawa a wani yanayi na yaki.

Tarihi na halitta: farkon

A karo na farko a kan wannan tambaya da abin da submarine, ya ba da m amsar Leonardo Vinci. Ya bayyana ta soja da kuma na dabara abũbuwan amfãni, kuma lokaci mai tsawo aiki a kan layout na na'ura, amma yana yiwuwa ƙone duk da model, dõmin tsõron komowar sakamakon.

A 1578 da Turanci masanin kimiyya William Bourne a cikin rahoton kayyade a submarine, wanda aka gani da shi a cikin zurfin tekun Black Sea. Bayyana submarine - shi ne kome kamar na farko U-jirgin ruwan sanya na Greenland daga fata da kuma sealskin. A jirgin ruwa mallaki ballast tankuna, da kuma amsa a matsayin wani navigator bututun hayaki. Irin wannan submarine iya ba na dogon lokaci a karkashin ruwa, amma ko da daga baya ya nuna ban mamaki sakamakon.

Official aikin gina submarines aka sanya jama'a ne kawai a 1620. Yabo na yi ya ba da Turanci Korol Yakov I. Zayyana karkashin ruwa jirgin ruwa ya dauki wani Dutch m K. Drebbel. Ba da da ewa jirgin ruwan da aka samu nasarar gwada a London. Engines farko karkashin ruwa jirgin Birtaniya aiki a kan filafili-Powered. A Rasha, da ra'ayin samar da wani boye rundunar qaddamar da Bitrus I. Duk da haka, tare da mutuwarsa da aikin da aka kashe a cikin toho. A 1834 akwai na farko duk-karfe karkashin ruwa submarine. Its kirkiro wani Rasha m K. Schilder. Propeller aka kwale na'urar. Da gwaje-gwaje sun nasara, da kuma duniya ta farko karkashin ruwa ƙaddamar da makami mai linzami da aka za'ayi a karshen wannan shekara.

A Amurka Navy iya tsayawa ba, bijirẽwa. A 1850 ya fara aikin a karkashin shugabanci na L. Hunley. Jirgin ruwan da aka sarrafawa daga wani raba sashe. A motor amfani da babban dunƙule cewa spun iyali matuƙan. Kallo, sun shige ta kananan protrusions a cikin gidaje. A 1864, na farko yaro na Hunley nutse cikin jirgin abokin gaba. Daga bisani, irin nasarorin iya fariya na Rasha da kuma Faransa.

A lokacin farko World submarines aka sanye take da dizal da lantarki Motors. A zayyana wani sabon ƙarni na submarines starring Rasha injiniyoyi. A lokacin yakin a cikin yãƙi hannu 600 tẽku mai zurfi, kwanoni, wadda daga ƙarshe ta nutse game da 200, daga jirgi da hallaka.

Tarihi na halitta: wani sabon zamanin

By farkon yakin duniya na II mafi submarines kasance a kan ma'auni na Tarayyar Soviet (211 raka'a). A na biyu wuri ya tsaya da flotilla Italiya - 115 submarines. Next ne Amurka, Faransa, Birtaniya, Japan, da kuma kawai sai Jamus da 57 zurfin teku jirgin ruwa. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa wannan submarine aka dauke da babban fama naúrar na Navy a lokacin yaki. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa Tarayyar Soviet cike a kan teku surface da kuma a kasa har zuwa karshen yakin duniya na II. Laifi shi ne submarine cewa nutse a total fiye da 400, maƙiyi jiragen ruwa. Duk da yake cikin submarine iya nutse har zuwa 150 mita, yayin da a karkashin ruwa na awoyi da yawa. A matsakaita gudun kasance game 6 kullin. A juyin juya halin a karkashin ruwa injiniya ya haifar da wata sanannun masanin kimiyya Walter. Ya tsara streamlined jiki da kuma engine aiki a kan hydrogen peroxide. Wannan ya sa da submarines shawo gudun shãmaki 25 kullin.

Submarines yau

Modern submarine - yana da deepwater craft ta yin amfani da makaman nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke, don samar da zama dole makamashi. Har ila yau ikon kayayyaki submarines ne batura, dizal injuna, Stirling injuna da sauran man fetur Kwayoyin. A lokacin, wadannan fama raka'a ne wadãtattu rundunar 33 ƙasashe.

Back a shekarun 1990s, NATO ta makamai kunshi 217 tasoshin, ciki har da SSBNs da SSNs. A wannan lokacin, Rasha shi ne a kan ma'auni na kadan kasa da 100 raka'a. A shekarar 2004, Rasha Federation da umarnin a Italiya halittar kananan maras makaman nukiliya submarine irin. Aikin da aka kira S1000. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2014, an daskarewa yardatayya. Yau, daya daga cikin gaggawa, kuma mafi m submarines suna dauke su hydrogen. Wannan zurfin U-212 aji jirgin ruwa, wanda kwanan nan kawai ya fara da za a samar a Jamus. Irin jiragen aiki a kan tushen da hydrogen, game da shi, da cimma iyakar noiseless motsi.

rarrabuwa na submarines

Submarines za a iya raba kungiyoyin da girmamawa ga Categories:

1. Bisa ga irin makamashi kafofin: nukiliya ikon, dizal, tururi da kuma iskar gas, da man fetur, hydrogen.
2. Amfani: Multipurpose, dabarun, qware.
3. size: cruising, matsakaici, kananan.
4. Bisa ga irin makamai: torpedoes, ballistic, makami mai linzami, gauraye.

Mafi na kowa naúrar ne mai zurfi nukiliya submarine. Wannan irin submarines na da rarrabuwa:

1. SSBN - nukiliya submarines da ballistic makamai.
2. PLARK - nukiliya submarines da cruise makamai masu linzami.
3. MPLATRK - multipurpose makami mai linzami submarine torpedo, babban makamashi Madogararsa ga wanda yake shi ne nukiliya reactor.
4. DPLRK - dizal submarines tare da makamai masu linzami da kuma torpedoes.

Daga cikin gwaji iri za a iya bambanta: mai tashi a sama, winged da kuma inda ba wanda yake zaune kogin submarine.

Shikan zane

Submarines ake yi har na 2 gine-gine: haske da m. Na farko shi ne ya ba da jirgin inganta hydrodynamic dũkiyõyinsu, da wata biyu - domin kariya daga wani babban ruwa matsa lamba. Mai karko harhada daga bakin karfe, duk da haka, sau da yawa da suka faru da kuma titanium gami. A cikin submarine yana da musamman tankuna domin ballast kuma datsa iko. Dipping ne da za'ayi amfani da hydroplanes. Surfacing ƙaddara da kawar da na ruwa tare da matsa iska daga ballast tankuna. The motsi na jirgin kai dizal ko nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke. Kananan submarines gudu a kan batura da wutar lantarki. Special dizal janareto amfani ga caji. A amfani a matsayin mota propellers.

-daban na makamai

Dalilin submarines ne don gudanar da wani takamaiman ayyuka:

- halakar warships,
- da kawar da Multi-manufa tasoshi,
- halakar da makiya dabarun abubuwa.

Dangane da burin da submarines kafa dace iri makamai: mahakar, torpedoes, roka, manyan bindigogi, Electronics. Domin tsaro, da yawa zurfin teku jiragen ruwa amfani šaukuwa iska tsaro tsarin.

Rasha submarine

Daya daga cikin latest soma a lokacin rundunar isa submarines "Halibut". Construction na 24 raka'a tsawon game da shekaru 20, tun shekarar 1982. Yau, a zubar da Rasha submarines ne 18 "Halibut". Jirage da aka gina a cikin tsarin na aikin 877. Wadannan zurfin-ruwa jiragen ruwa ya zama prototypes da ake kira "Varshavyanka". A shekara ta 2004 da aka haife shi da wani sabon ƙarni na submarine, "Lada", aiki a kan elektrodizelnoy kafuwa. A jirgin ruwa da aka tsara don ya hallaka wani maƙiyi hari. Wadannan Rasha submarines sun bazuwar godiya ga m matakin na amo. Saboda babban kudin da aikin da aka sauri rushe.

Babban daukan hankali da karfi da Rasha jiragen ruwa ne nukiliya submarine "Pike-B". The aikin tsawon shekaru fiye da 20 har 2004. Yau submarines na da irin wannan a kan Rasha dauke da makamai ne 11 raka'a. "Pike-B" shi ne iya isa gudun 33 kullin, na nutsa ga 600 m da kuma kasancewa a cikin m kewayawa zuwa kwanaki 100. Capacity - mutane 73. A yi na daya naúrar kudin cikin taskar game da 785 miliyan. Dollars.

Har ila yau, a cikin arsenal na rundunar ne irin makaman nukiliya submarines a Rasha, a matsayin "Shark", "Dabbar", "Barracuda", "Kalmar", "Antey" da sauransu.

Da sabuwar submarine

A cikin "Warszawianka" series nan da sannu za a bayansa da tare da sabon Rasha sojan ruwa raka'a. Wannan zai zama da sabuwar submarine "Krasnodar" da "Stary Oskol". Jiragen za su zo a cikin sabis a rabi na biyu na shekarar 2015. A docks ne zurfin teku tasoshin "Kolpino" da kuma "The Great Novgorod", amma su yi aka kammala kawai ta karshen 2016. A sakamakon haka, za a 6 "Warszawianka" zane raka'a a kan Black Sea rundunar ta balance sheet. Wakilai daga wannan jerin aka tsara don} alubalantar maƙiyi hare-hare, da cewa shi ne, za a kare sojan ruwa da kwasfansu, da ãyõyinMu, Coast. Submarines "Varshavyanka" yana nufin shiru irin. Elektrodizelnom aiki a kan engine.

A tsawon wata submarine ne 74 m, da kuma fadin - 10 m. Karkashin ruwa hawa iya isa gudun 20 kullin. Nutsewa dokin - 300 m iyo rayuwa -. Up to 45 days.

Samarwar da kuma sunken submarine

Har 1940s, submarines sa'an nan rasa a cikin zurfin teku da kuma tekuna. A dalilai domin wannan su ne zane flaws kuma missteps recaps, kuma m soja adawar.

Bayan duniya na biyu kiyasta da m submarine raka'a. A cikin shekaru 50 da shekaru, injiniyoyi sun kai ta ganiya. Tun farkon 1950 a submarine ba a dauke kawo hadari ga rayuwar da matukan jirgin, da kuma wani lamba tare da abokan gaba nan da nan gyarawa wani barikin soji. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, don haka kadan rasa submarines. Mafi shahara m jirgin ruwa yana dauke "Kunama" (USA), da "Dakar" (Isra'ila) da kuma "Minerva" (France). Abin lura shi ne cewa dukan uku sunken submarine fado karkashin m yanayi a cikin shakka daga makonni 2 a shekarar 1968. Rahotanni a kan dukan uku bala'i koma ga wani unidentified abu, bayan da lamba tare da wanda sadarwar da matukan jirgin da aka rasa har abada.

A cikin duka, a cikin past 60 shekaru an hukumance rubuta 8 sunken nukiliya submarines, ciki har da shida Rasha da kuma biyu American. Na farko shi ne jirgin "sussuka kuma yă" (USA), a kwamitin da akwai 129 mutane. A hadarin ya faru ne a sakamakon maƙiyi hari a shekarar 1963. A daukacin ma'aikatan da aka kashe.

A mafi sa mamaki da kuma ban tausayi shi ne al'adar submarine "Kursk". A lokacin rani na 2000 saboda da fashewa daga cikin torpedo a farko sashe na jirgin ya nutse a kasa daga cikin Barents Sea. A sakamakon haka, 118 suka mutu.