Surface tashin hankali: general bayanai da kuma akanta

akwai hada guda biyu sojojin daban-daban domin surface da kuma zurfin (ciki) tsakanin yadudduka na ruwa kwayoyin. Kwayoyin a cikin farfajiya Layer aka shirya gefe janye daga muhimmi yadudduka da kuma zurfin yadudduka na da karfi na janye tsakanin kwayoyin yardatayya daidaita. Kwayoyin na surface Layer suna janyo hankalin da iska kwayoyin da kuma biyu daga karami, su resultant karfi ne directed zuwa ƙasa, da kuma wani surface Layer na kwayoyin kamar yadda aka ja zurfin yadudduka. Surface tashin hankali, bi da bi, ya dogara da yanayi na cikin ruwa da kuma iyakar muhallin, yanayi zazzabi, gaban impurities a taya, da sauransu. D.

Don ƙara tabbata daga cikin ruwa kamata ya yi wasu aikin da sojojin na surface tashin hankali. Daga cikin dabi'u na surface tashin hankali dogara a kan droplet size, da meniscus, da adadin gas kumfa wucewa ta cikin ruwa, wettability kuma anti-wettability na wani ruwa surface wani m da sauransu.

Surface tashin hankali da karfi ne kuma dogara a kan tururi matsa lamba sama da ruwa: mafi girma da tururi, da karami da ciki ruwa matsa lamba. Idan ruwa aka kẽwayesu da iska, da kwayoyin da ta surface Layer ne kusan ba hõre sojojin na nauyi daga gaseous lokaci. A waɗannan lokuta inda tururi matsa lamba a sama wani ruwa ƙaruwa, ta surface tashin hankali zai zama kasa. Saboda haka, kwayoyin na surface Layer ne ba daidaita, sabili da haka da tsarin a ke dubawa ne ko da yaushe wani wuce haddi da free makamashi. Tare da duk sauran yanayi guda, wannan ragi ne mafi girma daga cikin manyan surface area. Bisa ga ka'idar Thermodynamics ta biyu, da tsarin o ƙarin tabbatar da rage ciki makamashi. Saboda haka, aiwatar da rage dubawa ne tsari m. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wani ruwa wanda aka ba amsa su ta hanyar wani karfi, Forms ball siffar, tun da irin wannan siffar yana da akalla surface a wani adadin.

The girma na surface tashin hankali sakamako da kuma adadin da hydrocarbon m abu. Saboda haka, idan muka dauki mafi carboxylic acid daga cikin wannan homologue jerin (HCOOH, CH3COOH, S2N5SOON, S3N7SOON), da surface tashin hankali rage-rage kamar su carboxylic sarkar elongation - 3.2 sau ga kowane CH2 kungiyar.

A gaban impurities na daban-daban abubuwa a jiki ruwaye rinjayar da girma da surface tashin hankali. Mutane da yawa abubuwa, yafi Organic, runtse da surface tashin hankali. Irin wannan mahadi ake kira surfactants (sunadarai, bile acid, soaps, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ketones, tannins, da dai sauransu). Abubuwa wanda gaban ba muhimmanci shafi surface tashin hankali ake kira surface-m (fructose, glucose, sitaci, da dai sauransu). Rage daga cikin surface tashin hankali ne na bayar da muhimmanci kan aiwatar da sha na ruwa gina jiki epithelium na hanji mucosa. Saboda haka, fats da sauran lipids a cikin abinci tashar samu a cikin nau'i na droplets. Wadannan droplets ake emulsified da bile a cikin kananan hanji, sa'an nan kuma zama samuwa ga hydrolytic tsakiyan nonon na lipase da sauran lipolytic enzymes. Ƙara don taya surfactants ƙara musu ikon rigar da surface. Lokacin amfani kwari sukan kara da sabulu, wanda damar su zuwa ga mai kyau lamba tare da kwari jiki surface da kuma samar da insecticidal aiki.

Surface tashin hankali na ruwa: Hanyar kayyade

Akwai da hanyoyi da dama domin kayyade surface tashin hankali: stalagmometrichesky, gyara dagawa ruwa zuwa cikin capillary, mafi girma matsa lamba a kumfa na zobe rabuwa.

Da aka fi amfani stalagmometrichesky Hanyar dogara ne a kan yin amfani da musamman na'urar - stalagmometry. Yana da wani capillary tube da ciwon manya da ƙananan alamomi da kuma tsawo. A stalagmometry aka buga ruwa zuwa lamba, sa'ilin da shi ne dakatar da kirgawa yawan droplets. Bayan haka, wannan abu da aka yi da gwajin ruwa. A mataki na surface tashin hankali sojojin sakamakon ruwa da kuma ruwan sama da tsari na globular saukad.

Surface tashin hankali a cikin rãyuwar kwayoyin

Surface tashin hankali ne daya daga cikin abubuwan kayyade da siffar da cell da sassansa. Cage - wani na farko barbashi na rai al'amari da ta sa har da jikin mutum, dabbobi, da kuma shuke-shuke. Domin Kwayoyin cewa da karfi da kuma m surface (shuke-shuke, kwayoyin), surface tashin hankali darajar ne low. Mafi dabba Kwayoyin a cikin jiki yana da wani siffar kusa da siffar zobe. Low surface tashin hankali damar da Kwayoyin to sauƙi a ware daga juna. Form Kwayoyin a haɗe zuwa wasu Kwayoyin ko substrate, ya dogara a kan wasu dalilai - na cytoskeleton kafa membrane hadaddun, lamba Tsarin, da dai sauransu daban-daban na sel (msl, leukocytes da kwai) don saki daga mataki na surface tashin hankali zama mai siffar zobe siffar da kuma rasa aiki. . Local canje-canje a cikin surface tashin hankali taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ji da kuma watsa jijiyar a phagocytosis, pinocytosis, gastrulation amoeboid motsi, da kuma musamman a cikin permeability na cell membranes.