Talmud ne? Tarihi da ainihin Talmud

A yau, kowane mai ilmantarwa ya san cewa Talmud yana koyarwa da yawa, wanda shine tarin addinin Yahudanci na al'ada da shari'a a cikin tsarin tattaunawa game da tushen asali - Mishnah. A takaice dai, wannan babban aiki mai girma shine rikodin tsari da ƙaddara na Dokar Oral.

Mene ne Talmud?

Ba wani asiri ba ne cewa a cikin ainihin fassarar daga Ibrananci "Talmud" wata koyarwa ce ko umurni. Wannan sunan shine tushen farko, wanda daga bisani ya karbi na biyu, bai san sananne ba, musamman "Gemara". Saboda haka, leitmotif na wannan nassi shine dalilin da ya sa al'ummar Yahudawa ta zama cikakkiyar ɗayan al'ummomi su koyi da kuma inganta rayuwar ruhaniya.

Yadda rubuce-rubucen littafi ba sauki, kuma gabatarwa yana da wuya a fahimta.

Game da harshen rubutun, an fassara Talmud a cikin harsunan Aramaic da yawa, haɗe da Ibrananci da kalmomi na Littafi Mai Tsarki, ƙananan Latin, Persian da Helenanci.

Abubuwan da matani na d ¯ a

Littattafan Talmud basu ƙunshe da matakan littattafan majalisa kawai ba, amma har da labarun likita da tarihin tarihi. Sanya mai launi a cikin dukan rubutun shine fassarar Tanach, ɓangaren maɗaukaki wanda yake cikin Attaura.

Da farko dai, wannan koyarwar masu ra'ayin Yahudawa ba ta samuwa da alamomi. Saboda haka, babu yiwuwar raba bambancin sassan layi daga juna, saboda haka akwai matsala a cikin karatun, haifar da rashin jin dadi ga duk wanda ya fahimci tushen kimiyya.

Tushen tarihi da zamanin wanzuwar koyarwar tsarki

An tattara fassarar Talmud a cikin fassarar fassarar su a cikin shekara ta 210 AD, saboda yunkurin Yehuda ha-Nasi. An kira wannan tarin Mishnah, wanda daga bisani ya sake rubutawa da fassara shi.

Magoya bayan waɗannan ayyuka sune Amoriyawa, waɗanda suka yi bayanin kansu na tsohon Mishnah da sunan "Gemara". Ayyukan da za a rubuta wannan aikin sun kasance a lokaci guda a wurare biyu, wato Babila da Palestine. Bisa ga wannan, an ƙirƙirar wasu shafuka biyu: Talmud na Babila da takwaransa na Urushalima.

Fassarar tsohon Talmud da bugunsa

Wajibi ne a bayyana wata hujja marar ganewa da gaskiyar cewa akwai wata doka don buga duk ayyukan tare da adana lambar ɗakin lissafin asalin asalin, wadda aka rubuta ta mai ban mamaki Daniel Bromberg. Saboda haka, duk wani fassarar Talmud ya adana lambobi, wanda shine shafuka 2947 ko sau biyu shafuka. Sabili da haka, idan ya cancanta, zaka iya yin la'akari da wani ɓangare na Talmud.

Alal misali, littafin farko na Talmud, wanda ya kasance a ƙasar Jamhuriyar Rasha, ita ce sigar 'yan'uwan Shapiro a Slavuta. Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun Talmud an yi shi ne daga malamai Lithuania kuma ya kasance a 1880.

Talmud da Attaura: menene bambanci?

Dole ne a fara da fassarar duka wallafe-wallafen, don fahimtar bambancin su.

Talmud shine ainihin aikin manyan Yahudawa masu tunani, wanda shine rubutun rikodi na rubutun Attaura. A cikin abun da ke ciki akwai maganganu da hukunce-hukuncen mutane masu girma. A lokaci guda kuma, Yahudawa sune ma'anar fassara da ma'anar kayan da aka samu a cikin Talmud da Attaura. Bisa ga mahimman ra'ayi na mutanen da suka fi dacewa waɗanda suka wuce cikin duka sassan labaran tare da jan launi, kowane wakilin wannan al'umma ya kamata yayi nazarin Attaura. Wato, Talmud yana tasowa da ilmantar da ilmantarwa da kuma ci gaba da inganta kwarewarsa.

Bayani na Attaura da manufofinsa

Attaura ita ce mafi daidaituwa kuma mafi amintacce ɗakunan ayyukan Musa, wanda ya kasance duka a cikin bugawa da takardun rubutun. Yana da binciken wannan Littafi Mai Tsarki wanda shine leitmotif na addinin Yahudanci. Daga cikin ka'idojin addinin Yahudanci akwai umarni guda biyu: don nazarin Attaura ga kowane Yahudawa da kansa kuma ya girmama dukan masu bin sa. Bayan haka, yana da mahimmanci ga kowa da kowa ya ba da lokaci don karatun Attaura. Maganar mahimmanci ita ce nazarin Attaura ta maza, amma ga mata wannan aikin ba'a hana shi ba, amma, akasin haka, duk wani aiki a cikin wannan hanya yana maraba.

Attaura da aka haramta Attaura

Nazarin Attaura an haramta shi ga wakilan wasu ƙasashe, banda Yahudawa. Amma wannan taboo ba tambaya zuwa bakwai dokokinsa ga zuriyar Nuhu. Muna maraba da nazarin dokokin mafi tsarki da kuma wurarensu, kalmomin da ake amfani dashi a cikin kowane littafi. Har ila yau, maɓallin da aka ambata a baya bai shafi wadanda ke shirya don tallafawa gyur ba.

Hanyar nazarin litattafan Yahudawa masu tsarki

Bugu da ƙari, irin yadda ake nazarin Talmud ko Attaura, akwai hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa da zasu haɗu da ayyuka mai ban sha'awa da tasiri.

Tun da Talmud koyarwa ne, don samun nasara mafi kyau kuma mafi mahimmanci sakamakon haka dole ne ya fahimta ta yadda ya dace da Attaura, a cikin mutane biyu, wanda ya dace da mutane biyu. Irin wannan horon yana da sunan da aka fi sani da Hawrut. Mun gode da wasu lambobi, suna goyon bayan junansu kuma suna fassara fassarar juna.

Hanya na biyu ita ce fahimtar kwarewar wannan Littafi Mai Tsarki ta hanyar fassarori. Wannan hanya ake kira gematria. Alal misali, godiya ga wannan hanya, yana yiwuwa a maye gurbin kalmomi tare da lambobi, yayin da adadin alamomi dole ne su kasance daidai ga tushen asali.