The History Of tarho: fitowan da kuma ci gaban

Telephony labarin ne ban sha'awa a cikin bangare na sabuwar dabara na daban-daban na'urorin, da kuma cikin sharuddan matakai na faruwa sadarwa networks iri-iri a duniya. A wasu al'amurran da muhimmancin da baza dace fasahar alama neman sauyi, a cikin wasu ne halin da m cin gaban wani uniform. Mene ne mafi mashahuri abubuwa game da duniya sadarwa masana'antu?

Wa? Ir? Ira da tarho?

A bisa ga al'ada, da tarihin asalin tarho an haɗa da sunan Aleksandra Bella, a Scottish-haife American kirkiro. Lalle ne, sanannen mai bincike ya dauki wani kai tsaye sashi a cikin ci gaban da juyin juya halin Musulunci na'urar for yada sauti a nesa. Duk da haka, akwai hujjojin da cewa a cikin yin wayar muhimmiyar rawa aka buga da sauran zanen kaya. Alal misali, Iogann Filipp Reis, sanannen Jamus kirkiro, wani taro na masana kimiyya da Physics al'umma, gudanar a 1861, ya ruwaito ya halicci samfur na lantarki na'urar don aika da sauti a nesa. Shi ne ma sunan da sabuwar dabara - "waya", saba mana a yau. Reis Sahaban, duk da haka, na'urar da aka dauka ba tare da ta dace da babbar sha'awa. Amma shi ne wani muhimmin al'amari, wanda yana da wani tarihi na wayarka.

Bayan shekaru 15, biyu American masu bincike, Elisha Gray kuma Aleksandr Bell, mukaddashin da kansa, ya gano da sakamako na telephony. Dukansu masana kimiyya, kayatarwa a wannan rana, wato 14 Fabrairu 1876, yi aikace-aikace don Patent ya samu. A wannan yanayin na yanzu tsarin, wanda zai iya hada kan telephony, suka yi ba tukuna an ci gaba. Mai yiwuwa, a Bell for game da 2 hours gaba na Gray a da ake ji wa, da kuma da yawa masana tarihi shirki da wannan shã'aninku da cewa tarihin wayar yau ake dangantawa da sunan wani American kirkiro.

A zuwan farko wayar

Aleksandr Bell ya rayu a Boston da kuma aiki tare da mutane fuskantar matsaloli tare da ji da kuma jawabin. A 1873 da ya zama farfesa Physiology a Boston University. By da yanayin da ya ayyuka, ya kasance mai yiwuwa wani gwani a fagen acoustics kuma yana da kyau kwarai ji.

A tarihin na farko wayar halitta da Aleksandrom Bellom, an haɗa, ta haka ne da aikinsa. Daga cikin na ƙwarai facts dangane da sabuwar dabara da na'urar - da wannan sakamako telephony gano da bincike tare da kai tsaye taimako daga mataimakansa. Alal misali, kwararru aiki tare da Bell, da zarar ja daga wani farantin daga cikin watsarwa na'urar, wanda, kamar yadda ya zama kamar ma Bella aka yin a rattling. Kamar yadda ya juya waje da bincike, wannan ya kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa kashi yin lokaci-lokaci ƙulli na lantarki lambobi.

A kan tushen da gano sakamako na Aleksandr Bell halitta waya. Ya aka kafa mai sauki ne: da membrane na fata, sanye take da sigina kashi kara da ƙarfi. The na'urar iya aika da kawai da sauti na muryoyin, amma ga alama, ya isa ya Patent da na'urar - dace daftarin aiki, rikewa da marubucinsa da sabuwar dabara, Bell samu Maris 10, 1876.

Tarihi ne ma ban sha'awa wayoyin da kuma cikin sharuddan da kasuwanci amfani. A 'yan kwanaki baya da kirkiro na modified wayar don haka da cewa shi iya aika a fili audible raba kalmomi. Daga baya, Aleksandr Bell ya nuna masa na'urar da kasuwanci al'umma. Naúrar sanya wani m ra'ayi a kan mutanen da ta kasuwanci. American kirkiro zarar rajista da kamfanin, wanda daga baya ya zama m.

A farko tarho line

Phone aukuwa tarihin da aka sani a gare mu yanzu. Amma Bell ta firtsi dauki tushen a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum? A 1877 - a Boston - na farko tarho line aka kaddamar, da kuma a 1878, a New Haven - tarho musayar. A wannan shekarar wani sanannen American kirkiro, Thomas Edison, halitta sabon model na na'urar don murya a nesa. A da tsarin shigar da nada shi ne ba, wanda muhimmanci ƙara da ingancin sadarwa, kazalika da ƙara da nesa na sauti watsa.

The taimako na? Ir daga Rasha

A tarihin waya da ake ma da alaka da sunayen Rasha zanen kaya. A 1885 Pavel Mihaylovich Golubitsky kirkiro daga Rasha ɓullo da wani tushen sabon makirci na tarho musayar, a cikin abin da ikon da aka kawota ga na'ura daga waje - daga tsakiyar Madogararsa. Kafin wannan, kowane wayar da aka powered by ta AC ikon kanti. Wannan ra'ayi ya yarda ya halicci tashar yayin da hidima mai babbar lambar biyan kuɗi - dubban dubbai. A 1895, Rasha kirkiro Mikhail Filippovich Freudenberg miƙa wa duniya manufar musayar, wanda yakan haifar da wani atomatik dangane da daya Subscriber zuwa wani. Da farko addashin PBX An gabatar da Amurka a birnin Augusta.

Development sadarwa Lines a Rasha

A labarin da wayar a Rasha an haɗa da gina Lines ga riwayar sadarwa a tsakanin St. Petersburg da kuma Malaya Vishera. A farko hira tsakanin Rasha biyan kuɗi ta wajen ce tashar da ya faru a 1879, watau, bayan kawai 3 shekaru, tun da sabuwar dabara na tarho. Daga baya, daya daga cikin na farko farar hula sadarwa Lines da alaka da marina St. George, located in Nizhny Novgorod, da kuma Apartment na da jagorancin Steamship Company "birged". line tsawon kasance game da 1547 m.

Regular birni ta tarho mu'amala - a St. Petersburg, Moscow, kuma Odessa - fara aiki tun 1882. A 1898, akwai wani dogon-nesa line, a haɗa Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg. Tarihi na wayoyin a Rasha ne sha'awar da cewa da tashar cewa hidima da sadarwa tashar tsakanin Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg, kuma har yanzu akwai aiki. An located a kan mahauci Street a cikin babban birnin kasar Rasha.

Da taki na ci gaban tarho a Rasha Empire kasance quite mai kyau - haka, misali, zuwa 1916 100 Moscow mazauna da wani talakawan of 3.7 waya. A 1935, tuni a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, suka duka tarho Moscow da Metro tashar. Tun 1953, dukan gidajen, ya sa a cikin sabis a babban birnin kasar na Tarayyar Soviet, ya kasa samun wayar igiyar.

A tarihin ne m waya. Yana da kullum ban sha'awa ya yi nazarin shi a daki-daki. Koyi yadda aka aike tarho, la'akari da mafi ƙwarai facts game da ci gaban da ta hannu da na'urorin, wanda yanzu babu kasa a bukatar fiye da na gargajiya wadanda.

Ta yaya wayoyin hannu

A farko rubuta hirar a kan wayar ta hanyar tashar rediyo, mai yawan key halaye na dacewa ka'idojin kungiyar na zamani salula da ãyõyinMu, da aka gudanar a 1950 a Sweden. Sture Laugen kirkiro, a cikin dabaran na Televerket, nasarar buga waya tare da m lokaci sabis via Game da na'urar irin. By lokacin Sture Lauren tayi shekaru da dama a Televerket, tsunduma a cikin ci gaban wannan na'urar. A tarihin na wayar hannu an ma da alaka da sunan Ragnar Berglund, Laura abokan aiki.

Manufar - da taro kasuwar

By lokacin da hukumar Laurenne kira, wanda muka ce a sama, da rediyo tarho, kamar yadda irin wannan, shi an riga an yi amfani da, amma shi ne kawai samuwa to musamman ayyuka da kuma soja Tsarin. Televerket kamfanin kafa wata manufa - don ƙirƙirar wani na'urar da cewa shi ne samuwa ga kowane dan kasa.

Mass-kasuwar Swedish ci gaban da aka janye a 1956. A farko, ta yi aiki ne kawai a birane biyu - Stockholm kuma Gothenburg. A lokacin 1956 an haɗa ta kawai 26 biyan kuɗi, wanda ya ba abin mamaki ba saboda high expensiveness "wayar hannu", da darajar da abin da yake yi daidai da farashin da mota.

A ci gaba da wayar sadarwa

A tarihin wayoyin hannu na lamba na siffofin bada muhimmancin yaduwar telephony. Idan, misali, bayan kawai 3 years old inji halitta a kan ka'idodin Aleksandra Bella, rayayye sarrafa a Rasha, domin quite wani lokaci, wayoyin hannu ba amfani da m bukatar.

Kawai a 1969, shugabannin kasashen duniya na sadarwa kasuwar fara tunani game da abin da zai zama mai kyau ga ko ta yaya daidaita Game da sadarwa tsarin. Ga misali, da aka zaci cewa kowane saye - kama da gyarawa wayoyin masu - zai yi da kansa lambar, da kuma kwanan wata, ba kawai a kasar, inda aka bayar, amma kuma kasashen waje. Saboda haka, zamu iya cewa da tarihi na wayar hannu ne a zahiri daga farkon nuna sha'awa na aikin injiniya da al'umma a cikin aiwatar da yawo Concepts.

A daya daga cikin na farko? Ir ya ba da shawara m aiwatar da fasaha, wanda ya kafa dacewa buƙatun - mai digiri na biyu daga cikin Stockholm Technical School Estaing Myakitolo. A tarihin halittar wani wayar hannu kamar yadda muka sani shi ne kai tsaye da alaka da sunansa. Duk da haka, domin m aiwatar da manufar Myakitolo ake bukata sosai iko da fasaha. Sun bayyana ne kawai a farkon 80 ta.

A farko salula cibiyar sadarwa

A tarihin cell wayoyin hada da na ƙwarai gaskiya: da farko, Saudi Arabia zama kasar inda salula cibiyar sadarwa da aka ci gaba. A wannan wuri ne kamfanin Ericsson, to rayayye shiga a cikin m aiwatar da Concepts samarwa Myakitolo, a 1981 sanya hannu a kwangila domin samar da dacewa da sabis. A cibiyar sadarwa, wanda aka kaddamar a Saudi Arabia, aka halin da babban rarrabẽwa - da taro. A hankali salula matsayin inganta, da cibiyar sadarwa ta fara aiki a wasu kasashen.

Development na kowa nagartacce

Kamar yadda mobile kasuwar girma yana aka Brewing wata bukata wajen samar da kowa matsayin na arziki na da alaka da sabis. A Saudi Arabia, Scandinavia, da Benelux ya zama mashahuri ra'ayi na NMT a Jamus da hannu C-Netz tsarin a Birtaniya, Faransa da kuma Italiya da aka aiwatar da su Concepts.

Zuwan GSM

Don haɗa kai da Turai mobile sarari, GSM misali an halitta. Ya iya ce, ya tunawa mafi kyau na wasu "kasa" Concepts, sabili da haka, ko da yake ba tare da wahala ba, amma da aka soma da wani Turai fasahar al'umma a shekarar 1986. Amma da farko GSM-cibiyar sadarwa da aka gabatar kawai a shekarar 1990 a Finland. Daga bisani, wannan misali ya zama babban maroki ga Rasha salula sadarwa.

The History Of tarho - biyu na al'ada da kuma salon salula - shi ne wuce yarda da m. Amma yana da ban sha'awa yadda da fasahar ci gaba. Bari mu yi nazarin yadda za a inganta salula line.

A ci gaba da salon salula kasuwar

A farkon shekaru bayan gabatarwar GSM-nagartacce ga mabukaci amfani yi dacewa da sabis shi ya tsada sosai. Amma sannu a hankali da na'urorin zama dole domin aiki tare da mobile networks, fadi da kuma zama da gaske m. Tarho aka inganta, rage a cikin size. A shekarar 1996, Nokia gabatar, a gaskiya, daya daga cikin na farko smart phone - a na'urar ta hanyar abin da za ka iya aika e-mail, Faxes, amfani da Intanit. A wannan shekarar akwai wani littafi wanda ya zama almara StarTac daga Motorola.

Wayoyin salula na zamani da kuma mobile Internet

A 1997, Philips ya kaddamar Spark waya tare da manya-manyan gefe na batir - game da 350 hours. A 1998 kuma ya bayyana a cikin wayar hannu da na'urar Sharp PMC-1 Smartphone, yana da wani tabawa. An sa ran cewa, zai zama wani kai tsaye gasa zuwa sama da na'urar daga Nokia. A 1999, da kamfanonin wayar salula sun fara gabatar da WAP fasahar za ta tallafa masu biyan kuɗi samun damar zuwa mobile Internet. A 2000, akwai wani misali GPRS da kuma UMTS - daya daga cikin key cewa an yi amfani da gine-gine domin 3G-networks.

A shekara ta 2009, da Sweden kamfanin TeliaSonera ya kaddamar da duniya ta farko 4G cibiyar sadarwa misali. Ya yanzu ya dauki mafi zamani da ake ciyar da aiki a duniya.

wayoyin al'amurra

Mene ne mataki na gaba a cikin ci gaban da hannu masana'antu? wayar hannu tarihi ya nuna cewa tasiri nasara mafita iya faruwa a kowane lokaci. Yana iya ze cewa 4G misali - wannan shi ne iyakar da fasaha ta zamani fasali. Zai ze cewa canja wurin bayanai a wani kudi na dubun megabits, babban ingancin kira - wanda zai iya zama wani mataki?

Duk da haka, da manyan dakunan gwaje-gwaje da bincike a duniya ci gaba da yin aiki na rayayye a cikin filin na kyautata na hannu da fasaha. Zai yiwu a nan gaba a cikin hannun kowa wanda yake so da saye zai zama kamar sa mamaki ga wani zamani mazauni inji, da yadda ya wayar Bella a cikin shekaru 70 na karni na 19th, ko da na'urar a kan abin da kira daga mota a gida da lambar Sture Lauren. Kuma bayan wani lokaci kuma shi mutane za su yi mamaki ba. Saboda haka wannan wuce yarda da tsauri tech masana'antu.