The juyin mulki juyin mulki. Mene ne dalilai da sakamakon sakamakon juyin mulki na Yamma?

Kwana na sha ɗaya na kalandar Republican Faransa (1793-1806) ana kiransa thermidor. Sabili da haka, juyin juya halin Yammacin lokaci ana kiran shi wannan ɗan gajeren lokaci, ma'ana lalata mulkin mallaka na Jacobin da farkon farkon juyin juya hali.

Cessation na aikin juyin juya halin

An yi imanin cewa babban juyin juya halin Faransa ya ƙare saboda sakamakon juyin mulki na Brussels na 1799, lokacin da aka rusa Directory, kuma Napoleon Bonaparte ya zo ne.

A wannan batun, abin tambaya shi ne a kan ko ci gaba da juyin juya halin bayan da Thermidorian Reaction, za ka iya amsa da cewa aiki da fara bayan da storming na Bastille da slogan daga abin da yake "Liberty, Daidaitan, kauna", ba shakka, ya ƙare a watan Yuli 1794. Ma'aikata sun zo kan mulki, tare da wanda Maximilian Robespierre, wanda suka kashe su, ya yi yaƙi.

Rushewar ko da ƙaddamarwar juyin juya hali

Yawan mutanen Jacobins masu zanga-zangar sun kasance ba tare da fitina ba, kuma kimanin mutane 100 ne aka kashe a cikin kwana biyu - manyan ma'aikatan gari. A lokacin tarihin jini na juyin juya hali mai girma na juyin juya halin Musulunci, wannan shi ne mafi girman kisa. Harkokin Yammacin Yammacin ya fara nema, a cikin 1795 an dakatar da Kasuwanci, kamar sauran kwamitocin juyin juya hali, ciki har da Kotun Juyi. Kalmar "juyin juya halin" an haramta shi a matsayin alama ta lokacin Jacobin. Wani rukuni na tsaka-tsaki na Yarjejeniyar ya zo cikin iko, yana nuna bukatun bourgeoisie.

Sabuwar tsarin mulki

Sun kasance ba masu adawa ba ne, amma sun kasance wakilai na Yarjejeniyar kuma suka bi da "kashe-kashen" saboda sun shiga cikin fitinar sarki. Saboda ra'ayinsu, sun kasance masu adawa da mulkin mallaka, amma abokan adawar masu juyin juya hali. Kuma ko da yake a farkon tsarin tsarin gwamnati, wanda Jacobins suka kafa, sun yi amfani da su, sai ya ragu, wasu daga cikin hukumominsa, kamar Kwamitin 'Yancin Ceto, an soke su ba tare da wani dalili ba.

Juyin juyin juya hali na Yamma ya yi watsi da juyin juya hali, kuma don halakar da ƙungiyoyi masu tasowa tare da wadannan hadisai, masu magunguna sun yanke shawarar komawa tsarin mulki. Amma tsarin jinsin Jacobin, wanda bai taba shiga ba, bai dace da su ba, ko da tare da gyara da aka gabatar. Ganin cewa "shirya shiriyar," Thermidorians sun fara rubuta rubutunsu na ainihi, wanda aka sani a tarihin matsayin Tsarin Mulkin na shekara ta uku na Jamhuriyar.

Ƙarshen zamanin Terror

Harkokin juyin juya halin Jamus ba kawai wani muhimmin mataki na juyin juya halin Faransa ba, amma har ma lokacin da ya fi dacewa, saboda mutane sun goyi bayansa, ko da yake an nuna shi ga dimokuradiyya. Ta yaya Jacobins suka gudanar da juyin juya hali a zukatan Faransanci a lokacin da aka fara daga Satumba 1793 zuwa Yuli 1794? An sanya wannan lokaci a cikin tarihi a matsayin "zamanin tsoro", wanda, a gaskiya, ita ce amsar wannan tambaya.

Koma daga dukkanin abin da ke sama, za a iya taƙaita juyin mulki na Yammacin lokaci a matsayin ƙoƙari na dakatar da jinin jini na farko. Mataki na farko shi ne sauya ikon daga kwamitin kaddamar da kasa zuwa ga Yarjejeniyar ta Duniya - an kawar da jikin mai maye gurbin.

Ayyuka na mulkin mallaka na Jacobin

Da farko, mulkin mallaka na Jacobin ya dogara ne a kan manyan sassan jama'a, musamman ma ma'aikatan albashi da ƙananan bourgeoisie. Bugu da ƙari, masu juyin juya hali sun kafa hukumomi mai mahimmanci - majalisa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, gwamnati a matsayin Kwamitin Ceto. An ba da wannan yarjejeniya ga hukumar shari'a - Kotun Juya juyin juya halin Musulunci, an kafa rundunar sojan, wanda kwamishinan yarjejeniyar suka jagoranci. Kuma babu wani daga cikin sama, wanda yake da tasirin gaske, ba zai iya kare mulkin kama karya ba, koda yake da wasu abubuwan yabo. Yawan Yakubu sun gabatar da matsakaici kan farashin matakan da suke da shi na yaduwar al'umma tare da gwagwarmayar neman nasara a kan batutuwan juyin juya hali a cikin kasar. Gudanar da mulkin mallaka ya yi nasarar kare Faransa, ya yi nasara da kusan kusan Turai duka.

Rashin fashewa

Kuma a zahiri a cikin kwanaki biyu duk abin da aka sake sanya wa sabon rukuni, wanda ya yi Yuli 27-28, a sakamakon haka, juyin juya halin juyin juya hali. Menene ya faru? Mene ne dalilai da sakamakon sakamakon juyin mulki na Yamma?

An halicci Jacobins kuskuren da ba su da kuskure, wanda shine na farko - samo hatsi daga masarauta. Abin damuwa ne kawai game da mazauna masu rikice-rikice a cikin birane sun haifar da rashin jin dadi ga yankunan, wanda ya haifar da tayar da tashin hankali a kasar Vendian (kudancin Faransa), da mulkin mallaka ya shafe shi. Rashin yawan ma'aikatan albashi a garuruwan, sun haifar da kafa adadin iyakar. A lokacin da Robespierre da magoya bayansa suka kai ga wurin kisan, wata ƙungiya ta Parisiya ta yi ihu: "Ƙasa da matsakaicin!"

Kuskuren mutuwa

Amma kuskure mafi muhimmanci na Yakubuins shine mummunar ta'addanci da suka shirya. Kwamitin kwamitoci dubu 44 a kasar Faransa a kowace rana sun kama mutane da dama da dama. 'Yan Jacobins suna da masu kashe su, wadanda suka sauka a tarihi saboda mummunan kisan-kiyashi. Daya daga cikin masu zanga-zangar adawa da Yarjejeniyar, Jean-Baptiste Carrière, wanda ya ci nasara a kan zanga-zangar Vendee, an san shi ne saboda "nutsarsa", wanda ya kasance farkon kisan mutum 90 na wannan hanya.

Babu wani mummunar mummunan fassarar wannan fan. A sakamakon sakamakon juyin mulkin na Jamus, wani zamanin ta'addanci ya ƙare, lokacin da aka kashe mutane fiye da 16,000 na Faransanci, mafi yawancin mambobi na uku. Sai kawai tare da kawar da tashin hankali na Lyon da tashin hankali a Marseilles da Bordeaux, kimanin 2,000 mazaunan birnin sun lalace, kuma Yarjejeniyar ta yanke shawarar kawar da Lyon daga fuskar ƙasa.

Sun kasance abokai a kan Robespierre

Tsoro ya faru a kan asalin mummunar mummunar ta'addanci na Faransanci. Har ila yau, basu yarda da manufofin Robespierre ba a cikin yarjejeniyar. Sanarwar da aka kama su da kuma hallaka sun yarda dukkan bangarorin da ke cikin yarjejeniyar su sulhuntawa a cikin dare daya kuma su yi aiki tare da Robespierre, wanda ya hana dukkan 'yan takara da' 'yanci' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' yan majalisa. Saboda haka, a cikin shugabannin shuwagabannin, '' 'yan takara' 'sun hada da Jean-Lambert Tellin, Paul Barras. Makircin ya jagoranci Mentanyars, masu goyon baya ga Danton wanda aka kashe, wanda ya nemi fansa da kuma wanda ya ji tsoro don rayukansu.

Daga cikinsu akwai Yusufu Bushe, wanda aka sani saboda kisansa na Lyons 'yan tawaye. A gefen "hagu", Collo d'Herbois, J. Bio-Varennes da Marcus Vadie suka jagoranci juyin juya halin juyin juya hali. Kuma a kan su, tare da maganganun da ake zargi, ba tare da sunaye sunayensu ba, Robespierre ya yi ranar 27 ga watan nan, ya bayyana su masu adawa da juyin juya hali da masu cin hanci da rashawa. Duk cikakke fahimta. Don haka, ba kawai ka'idodin siyasa ba, amma har da tsaro na sirri shine ainihin asali na juyin mulki na Thermidorian.

Tushen tushen juyin mulki

A cikin tarihin juyin juya halin juyin juya hali na juyin juya halin Musulunci, ana kiran juyin juya halin Jamus aikin juyin-juyin juya hali, wanda ya haifar da fadar mulkin mallaka na Jacobin da kuma kafa Directory. Tabbas, akwai dalilai mafi zurfi a cikin kalubalen mulkin demokra] iyya. Saboda haka, ba a shafi hanyar samarwa bisa ga dukiyar mallakar mallakar mutum ba. Yakobins ne kawai suka aiwatar da ka'idojin mafi girma na rarraba. Koyaushe, a lokuta na rikice-rikice na jihar, wasu ɗalibai suna amfani da hasashe.

A lokacin juyin juya halin juyin juya hali na kasar Faransa, babban bourgeoisie ne da kuma wadatawa mai mahimmanci. A wani lokaci, jin tsoron dawowa da rikice-rikice da kuma mayar da mulkin mallaka ya sa su sha wahala. Bugu da} ari, rundunar sojojin ta gudanar da harkokin tabbatar da mutuncin {asar Faransa, da kuma kawar da abokan gaba. Lokacin da yayan Jacobins suka kawar da barazana, mulkin su ya zama daidai da manufar bourgeoisie, wanda ke samun karfi, yana son yin iko.

Mutane sun kare shugaban

Lokacin da aka tambayi wane irin abubuwan da ake nufi da juyin mulki na Jamus, za mu iya amsawa - jawabin Robespierre wanda aka ba shi a cikin yarjejeniyar ranar 26 ga watan Yuli 1793 kuma ya sake maimaita a cikin kungiyar Jacobin bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan. A cikin wannan ya ce game da kasancewar makircin, wanda ya kaddamar da alkawurra ga ayyukan da ya dace.

Harin Robespierre da magoya bayansa ba su tafi lafiya ba. Ya kāre up matalautan segments na da yawan jama'a na Paris. Fiye da mutane 3,000, wadanda 'yan sanda suka goyi bayan su, suka tattara a cikin Gidan Greve, gwamna ya ƙi yarda da kama. Har ila yau, sojojin kasar sun shiga cikin masu kare masu jagorancin juyin juya hali. Sansculottes (wakilan juyin juya hali na na uku) sun kame wanda aka kama kuma suka kai su fadar gari.

Jama'a ba tare da jagora ba komai.

Kuma duk wannan ba zato ba tsammani ya juya kan Jacobins, saboda taron, 'yan sanda da sojojin suka rasa shugabanni. Ya kasance a cikin manyan, Yakubuins, wanda ya zauna a cikin kulob din, kawai ya sanya hannu ga sauran mutane. Kuma makiyayan nan da nan sun daidaita kansu kuma suna ci gaba da aiki. Da zarar Robespierre da magoya bayansa suka yi watsi da shi, jama'a suka tarwatsa, kuma mafi yawan wakilan majalisa suka juya ga hannun masu nasara. Tare da Robespierre an fille masa kansa da kuma Saint-Just, wanda a gaban yawancin Faransanci sun kasance nauyin ta'addanci kuma sun sami sunayen lakabi "Angel of Mutuwa" da "Mad Dog". Saboda haka, tare da kisan shugabannin Jacobin, an kawar da juyin juya halin. Kuma taron da suka rushe Bastille, sun yi ƙoƙarin tsayar da Robespierre a lokacin da aka kama shi. Kamar yadda yake tare da dukan shugabannin da suka gabata na juyin juya halin Faransa mai girma, ta yi kuka: "Mutuwa ga mai yawan mugunta!"

New arziki

Masanin tarihin Faransanci F. Furet ya bayyana cewa, Thermidor ya kawo wa mutanen da suka wadatar da kansu a lokacin juyin juya hali kuma suka so su yi amfani da dukiyar da suke da sha'awar zuciya, kuma kada suyi kokarin gina sabon tarihin bil'adama. Nan da nan bayan da aka kashe masu goyon bayan Robespierre, an dakatar da Kasuwanci, kungiyar Jacobin ta rufe. An sake fasalin Paris - an kawar da datti, kunna fitilu, kafa da kuma kiyaye tsari. Bayan Thermidor, cinikin ya sake komawa, wanda ya haifar da karuwa a cikin hasashe da farashin.

Masu arziki sun zama wadata, talakawa sun zama marasa talauci

A cikin idon ruwa na 1795, tashin hankali guda biyu ya farfasa, wanda, musamman ma na biyu, an kaddamar da sabon hukumomi tare da mummunan zalunci. Wadannan sune tashin hankali na karshe a tarihin juyin juya halin juyin juya hali na kasar Faransa, wanda, kamar yadda sanarwa Georges Jacques Danton ya ce, "sun cinye 'ya'yansu."

Bayan juyin mulki na kasar Sham a birnin Paris, kamar yadda a dukan Faransanci, raguwa tsakanin matalauta da masu arziki, wadanda suka shirya fassarar kyawawan alatu, ya kasance mai girma cewa, kamar yadda wani ɗan jarida ya ce, yawancin mutanen Paris suna kunshe da kasashe biyu da suka bambanta da juna a cikin tufafi , Harshe, al'adu da kuma ji.