Ƙasar Jamus (1815 - 1866)

Ƙungiyar Confederation, da ake kira Ƙasar Jamus, tana da shekaru 50 kawai. Ya kasance ƙoƙarin yin la'akari da yarjejeniyar tsakanin jinsunan Jamus.

Wajibi ne don halitta

Ga mafi yawan tarihinsa, an raba Jamhuriya zuwa manyan mulkoki, duchies da mulkoki. Wannan shi ne saboda siffofin tarihi na ci gaba da waɗannan yankuna. A X karni an halitta Mai Tsarki Roman Empire. Ya haɗa dukan ƙasashen Jamus, amma jihohin da ke ciki suna jin dadin zaman kansu.

Bayan lokaci, ikon sarki ya raunana, kuma a farkon karni na goma sha tara, yaƙin Napoleon ya tashi a Turai, wanda ya nuna rashin kuskuren tsohuwar tsarin. An cire Franz II a 1806 kuma ya zama shugaban kasar Austrian. Bugu da ƙari, yana da manyan yankuna a tsakiyar Turai: Hungary, Czech Republic, Croatia, da dai sauransu.

A arewacin Ostiraliya akwai ƙananan kananan jihohin, har da mulkin Prussia, wanda ya zama babban abokin adawa na Austria. Bayan da aka rinjaye Napoleon, sarakunan daga duk faɗin nahiyar sun sadu a Vienna a 1814 don tattauna batun makomar duniya gaba. Tambayar Jamus ita ce ɗaya daga cikin mabuɗin, saboda Roman Empire na gaskiya ba ya wanzu.

Shawarwarin Congress of Vienna

By yanke shawara na Congress of Vienna, 8 Yuni, 1815 da Jamusanci Confederation aka kafa. Ƙungiyar - ƙungiya ce ta jihohi masu zaman kansu. Dukkanansu suna da asali na Jamusanci. Babban jami'in diplomasiyya Austrian Clemens Metternich ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa kungiyar.

Borders

Yankin iyakokin Jamus sun hada da mambobi 39. Dukkanansu sun kasance daidai, daidai da cewa sunayen sarakuna sun kasance da bambanci sosai. Jamus alliance hada da Austria Empire, da mulkin - Bavaria, Württemberg, Hanover, Prussia, Saxony, kazalika da yawa mulkoki. Har ila yau, akwai garuruwan birni (Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck da Frankfurt), wanda a dukan shekarun tsakiyar zamani da kuma zamani na jin dadin kyautar da Kaiser ya bayar.

Kasashen mafi girma, Prussia da Ostiryia, sun mallaki ƙasar da ba ta jurewa daga kungiyar Jamus. Wadannan larduna ne inda wasu mutane suka zauna (Hungarians, Poles, da sauransu). Bugu da ƙari, kafa kungiyar Jamus ta ƙayyade matsayi na musamman na yankunan Jamus a wasu jihohi. Alal misali, kambin Birtaniya ya mallaki mulkin Hanover. Gidan daular da aka yi a London ya karbi kyautar daga dangi.

Hanyoyin siyasa

Har ila yau, an kafa wakilin wakiltar kungiyar Jamus - majalisar wakilai. Dukan wakilan mambobin kungiyar sun halarci taron. Tun lokacin da aka gudanar da taron a Frankfurt, wannan birni ne da aka dauka a matsayin babban babban kuɗin ƙungiyar. Yawan wakilai na jiha ɗaya ya dogara da girmanta. Ta haka, Ostiraliya ta kasance mafi yawan wakilai a cikin taron. A lokaci guda kuma, wakilin wakili yana da wuya a saduwa da shi, kuma ana iya magance matsalolin da ke faruwa a yanzu da ƙananan kuri'un.

Halittar Ƙasar Jamus tana da mahimmanci ga kananan jihohin da suke so su kiyaye matsayin da ya kasance kafin zuwan Napoleon. Yakin Turai na Turai-Turai ya hada kan iyakokin Jamus. Napoleon ya kirkiro jihohi da ba su daɗe. Yanzu ƙananan hukumomi da biranen kyauta, wanda aka bar su ba tare da kariya ba ta wurin iko mafi girma a cikin Sarkin sarakuna na Roman Empire, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kare kansu daga maƙwabta masu zalunci.

Ƙungiyar Jamus ta 1815 ta bambanta da nau'o'in siyasa da yawa. Wasu daga cikin gwamnati ya ci gaba da rayuwa karkashin autocracy, yayin da wasu da wakilin jikinsu, da kuma kawai a cikin raka'a na da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, iyakance ikon da monarch.

Juyin juya halin 1848

A lokacin da wanzuwar Jamus Confederation a cikin ƙasa na kasashe mambobin kungiyar fara da juyin juya halin masana'antu da tattalin arziki maida. A sakamakon haka, matsayi na proletariat ya tsananta, wanda shine daya daga cikin dalilai na juyin juya halin 1848. An gudanar da ayyuka masu kyau a kan hukumomi a lokaci guda a sauran ƙasashe, ciki har da Faransa. A Ostiryia, juyin juya hali ma yana da hali na kasa - masu Hungary sun bukaci 'yancin kai. An rinjaye su ne kawai bayan da sojojin Rum na Rasha suka zo wurin sarki a Nicholas.

A wasu jihohin Jamus, juyin juya halin 1848 ya haifar da sassaucin ra'ayi. A wasu ƙasashe, an kaddamar da tsarin mulki.

Ƙasar Austro-Prussian da rushewa

A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, bambancin cigaban tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban daban na ƙungiyar kawai ya karu. Kasashen da suka fi karfi su ne Prussia da Austria. Ya kasance tsakanin su cewa akwai wata muhawara - wadda Jamus za ta haɗu. Yawan mutanen Jamus sun fi son shiga cikin jihar daya, kamar yadda yake a duk ƙasashen Turai.

Ƙungiyar Jamus ba zata iya ƙunsar waɗannan rikice-rikicen ba, kuma a 1866 yaƙi na Austro-Prussian ya warke. Vienna da Berlin sun yanke shawara don warware matsalar da makamai. Bugu da ƙari, Italiya ta kasance a gefen Prussia, wanda yake so ya sami Venice, wanda yake na Ostiryia, kuma ya kammala ƙungiyarsa. Ƙananan jihohi Jamus sun rabu kuma sun tsaya a gefen ƙananan shinge.

Prussia ya lashe wannan yaki saboda karfin tattalin arziki a kan kishiya. Babbar gudunmawa ga nasarar da Gwamna Otto von Bismarck ya samu ya samu nasara shi ne, wanda shekaru da yawa ke bin manufar karfafa kasarsa. Nasarar Prussia ta haifar da gaskiyar cewa kungiyar Jamus ba ta daina dacewa. Ya shafe kansa a ranar 23 ga Agustan 1866, wata daya bayan karshen yakin.

Maimakon haka shi Prussia halitta Arewa Jamus Confederation, da kuma Jamus Empire da aka kafa a 1871. Ya ƙunshi dukan ƙasashen Jamus, ciki har da wadanda aka dawo bayan yaki da Faransa. Australiya ya kasance a bayan wadannan abubuwan kuma ya zama mulki na biyu - Austria-Hungary. Dukkanin biyu sun hallaka bayan yakin duniya na farko.