Blockade na Leningrad: abubuwan ban sha'awa. 900 days na siege na Leningrad

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun shafuka na Warrior Patriotic shine yakin Leningrad. Tarihi ya kiyaye yawancin abubuwan da suka shaida wannan gwaji mai tsanani a rayuwar birnin a kan Neva. Leningrad ya kewaye shi da 'yan fastoci kusan kusan 900 (daga Satumba 8, 1941 zuwa 27 ga watan Janairun 1944). Daga cikin mutane miliyan biyu da rabi da ke zaune a arewacin kasar kafin fashewawar yakin, yayin da ake kai hare-hare, sama da mutane 600,000 suka mutu saboda yunwa, kuma dubban dubban mutane sun mutu daga fashewa. Duk da rashin galihu da abinci, sanyi mai tsanani, rashin zafi da wutar lantarki, mutanen Leningrad sunyi tsaurin kai tsaye ga makamai masu fascist kuma ba su bar birnin su makiya ba.

Game da siege na birnin ta cikin shekarun da suka gabata

A cikin shekara ta 2014, Rasha ta yi bikin cika shekaru 70 na yakin Leningrad. A yau, kamar dai yadda shekarun da suka wuce, mutanen Rasha sun nuna godiya sosai ga irin mazaunan birnin a Neva. Game da kullun Leningrad, yawancin littattafan da aka rubuta, da yawa na shirye-shirye da kuma fina-finai. Game da kariya ta jarumi na gari ya gaya wa dalibai da dalibai. Don ganin yadda yanayin da mutanen da ke kama da Leningrad ke kewaye da su, sunyi amfani da dakarun fascist, muna bayar da shawarar cewa ku san abin da ya faru tare da shi.

Blockade na Leningrad: abubuwan ban sha'awa game da muhimmancin birnin don masu haɗari

Don kama da Soviet ƙasar daga Nazis da aka tsara Barbarossa shirin. Kamar yadda ya dace, Nazis ya shirya yunkurin cinye sashen Harshen Yammacin Turai a cikin 'yan watanni. Birnin Neva a lokacin da yake zaune a Tarayyar Soviet ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, saboda Hitler ya yi imani cewa idan Moscow ta kasance zuciyar kasar, to, Leningrad ne ransa. Fuhrer ya tabbata cewa da zarar babban birnin arewa ya fada a karkashin hare-hare na sojojin fascist na Jamus, halayyar babbar jihar za ta raunana, bayan haka kuma za a iya rinjaye shi.

Duk da juriya da dakarunmu, Hitler sunyi nasara sosai a cikin cikin gida kuma suna kewaye birnin a kan Neva daga kowane bangare. Satumba 8, 1941 ya sauka a tarihi a matsayin rana ta farko na siege na Leningrad. A sa'an nan ne aka yanke dukan ƙasar daga cikin birnin, kuma magabtan ya kewaye shi. Kowace rana Leningrad ya kasance yana mai da hankali ga makamai, amma bai mika wuya ba.

Babban birnin arewacin ya kasance a cikin zobe na kusan kusan 900. A cikin dukan tarihin rayuwar mutum, wannan ita ce mafi girma da kuma mafi tsananin tsananta birnin. Duk da cewa, kafin a fara harbe-harbe wasu mazauna sunyi kwashe daga Leningrad, a can an ci gaba da zama babban adadin mutanen gari. Wadannan mutane sunyi mummunar azabtarwa, kuma dukansu ba su ci gaba ba har sai da 'yanci na gari.

Muni na yunwa

Kashewar iska a kowane lokaci ba shine mafi munin abin da Leningraders ke fuskanta ba a lokacin yakin. Rashin abinci a cikin garin da aka kewaye shi bai isa ba, wannan ya haifar da mummunan yunwa. Hanyoyin abinci daga sauran wurare sun hana yin kwaskwarima na Leningrad. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ya bar mazaunan gari a wannan lokaci: yawancin yankunan sunyi fama da yunwa a kan titin, shari'o'in cannibalism ba wanda yayi mamaki. Kowace rana yawancin mutuwar da aka lalace, gawawwaki suna kan tituna, kuma ba wanda zai tsabtace su.

Tun da farkon kawancen na Birnin Leningrad, ya fara bayarwa rabon abinci cards, wanda za ka iya samun gurasa. Tun daga watan Oktoba 1941, ma'aunin abinci na yau da kullum na ma'aikata ya kasance 400 g da mutum, da yara a karkashin shekaru 12, masu dogara da ma'aikatan - 200. Amma wannan bai ajiye mutanen daga yunwa ba. Abincin abinci ya karu da sauri, kuma daga watan Nuwamba 1941 an rage yawancin gurasar abinci zuwa 250 g ga ma'aikata da kuma 125 g na wasu 'yan ƙasa. Saboda rashin gari, ya ƙunshi rabi mai tsabta, baƙar fata da ɗaci. Masu Leningraders ba su koka ba, domin a gare su wani irin burodi ne kadai ceto daga mutuwa. Amma yunwa ba ta wuce tsawon kwanaki 900 ba na kewaye da Leningrad. Tuni a farkon 1942 al'ada abinci na yau da kullum ya karu, kuma shi kansa ya zama mafi cancanta. A cikin watan Fabrairun 1942, an ba da mazaunin birnin a kan Neva a karo na farko aka ba da jita-jita da kuma naman sa a cikin sauti. A hankali dai yanayin abincin da ke cikin arewacin birnin ya daidaita.

Tsari mara kyau

Amma ba kawai yunwa ta tunawa da 'yan asalin Leningrad ba. Tarihi ya ƙunshi gaskiyar cewa hunturu na 1941-1942 ya kasance sanyi mai ban mamaki. Frosts a cikin birnin ya tsaya daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu kuma sun fi karfi fiye da shekarun baya. A wasu watanni, ma'aunin zafi ya bar zuwa -32 digiri. Wannan yanayin ya kara tsanantawa da dusar ƙanƙara masu nauyi: daga Afrilu 1942 tsawo na snowdrifts ya kasance 53 cm.

Duk da rashin sanyi mai sanyi, saboda rashin man fetur a cikin gari, ba zai yiwu ba don fara wutar lantarki, babu wutar lantarki, an yanke ruwan. Don ko ta yaya zafin dakin, Leningraders sunyi amfani da stoves-burzhujki: sun kone dukan abin da zai iya ƙone - littattafai, kaya, tsohuwar kayan kayan aiki. An yunwa tare da yunwa, mutane ba za su iya tsayawar sanyi ba kuma sun mutu. Jimlar adadin mutanen da suka mutu daga gushewa da giraguwa, a ƙarshen Fabrairu 1942, sun wuce mutane dubu 200.

Ta hanyar "hanyar rai" da kuma rayuwar da makiya ta kewaye

Har akwai wani cikakken kau da kewaye na Leningrad, kadai hanyar da kwashe da kawota cikin birni ya Ladoga. A kan haka, ana hawa motocin da doki a cikin hunturu, kuma jiragen ruwa suka yi tafiya a kowane lokaci a lokacin rani. Hanyar kunkuntar, ba tare da kariya daga bombardments daga iska, shine kawai hanyar sadarwa tsakanin Leningrad da duniya. Ma'aikata da ake kira Lake Ladoga "hanyar hanyar rayuwa", domin idan ba haka ba ne, wadanda ke fama da fascists zai zama mafi girma.

Kusan kimanin shekaru uku, kullun Leningrad ya dade. Bayanan sha'awa na wannan lokacin suna nuna cewa, duk da halin da ake ciki, rayuwa ta ci gaba a birnin. A Leningrad, ko da a lokacin yunwa, kayan aikin soja an gina su, an bude wuraren wasan kwaikwayo da gidajen tarihi. Ruhun ruhu na mazaunan gari an goyan bayan marubucin marubuta da marubutan da suke yin radiyo. A cikin hunturu na 1942-1943 yanayin da ke arewa maso gabashin ya kasance ba kamar yadda ya kasance ba. Duk da bombings na yau da kullum, rayuwa a Leningrad ta dage. Kayan masana'antu, makarantu, cin abinci, wanka, sarrafawa don samar da ruwa, birnin ya fara tafiya da motocin jama'a.

Sanin gaskiya game da Cathedral St. Isaac da Cats

A rana ta ƙarshe da aka kewaye da Leningrad, an yi masa horo na yau da kullum. Shells, tare da da yawa daga cikin gine-gine a cikin birnin, ya tashi a gefen St. Isaac's Cathedral. Ba a san dalilin da yasa fascists bai taba gini ba. Akwai fassarar cewa sun yi amfani da tsayin daka a matsayin mahimman bayanai don yin birni a birni. Ginshiki na babban cocin ya zama ajiya don kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi, wanda suka gudanar don kiyaye su har zuwa karshen yakin.

Ba wai kawai masu fascists sun kasance matsala ga mazauna garin ba, yayin da aka kulla Leningrad. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa suna nuna cewa a babban birnin arewacin babban adadin ratsi da aka saki. Sun lalata kayan abinci da suka rage a cikin birnin. Domin kiyaye yawan mutanen Leningrad daga yunwa, 4 motoci na cats mai tsummoki, wanda ake zaton sun kasance mafi kyau a cikin kullun, an kai shi ta hanyar "hanyar rai" daga yankin Yaroslavl. Dabbobin sun bi da aikin da aka ba su, kuma sun lalata hawan, suna ceton mutane daga wata yunwa.

Rushe birnin sojojin abokan gaba

Sakamakon 'yanci na Leningrad daga rikici fascist ya faru ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 1944. Bayan makonni biyu na muni, sojan Soviet sun yi kokarin tura 'yan Nazis daga garin. Amma, duk da cewa an yi nasara, maharan sun kai hari kan babban birnin arewacin kimanin watanni shida. Sai bayan bayanan Vyborg da Svirsko-Petrozavodsk, a lokacin da Soviet suka kai farmaki a lokacin rani na 1944, an tura makiya daga garin.

Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na Leningrad

Ranar 27 ga watan Janairu, Rasha ta nuna ranar da aka kammala kullun Leningrad. A wannan abin tunawa ranar da kasar ta shugabanni, coci ministoci da talakawa} zo Piskarevskoe hurumi a St. Petersburg, inda a cikin taro kaburbura karya ragowar dubban daruruwan Birnin Leningrad, wanda ya mutu a dalilin matsananciyar yunwa, kuma da dakarun. Kwanaki 900 na kangin Leningrad zai kasance har abada a cikin tarihin kasarmu kuma zai tunatar da mutane game da laifukan da suka aikata na fasikanci.