Ga yawancinmu, duniyar dinosaur ke wakiltar duniyar dabbobi na yau da kullum, ko kuma a cikin mawuyacin hali, dabbobi. A gaskiya ma, yana da bambanci da dama. Duniya tamu aka sanaki miliyoyin mutane, mafi yawan abin da ya bace har abada, daga ƙasã, da barin mu tuna kawai su burbushin, burbushin burbushi na zane na zamanin d mutane ko ba da barin wani abu. Amma kowannensu ya zama tubali na babban mulkin, wanda ake kira flora da fauna.
Dabbobi masu ban sha'awa
Dabbobi na dabbobi sun fara wanzuwar su a cikin nau'in kwayoyin halitta marar lahani tun kafin bayyanar mutum mai hankali. Don haka masanin kimiyya ya ce. Ba bisa doka ba, bisa ga daruruwan kayan tarihi da aka gano a sassa daban-daban na duniya, sun yi imanin cewa kafin zuwan wayewar mu akwai wasu, ba wanda ya samo asali daga gare mu. Hakika, to, ba kawai mutane ba ne, har ma da dabbobi. Abin da suka kasance, shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Abinda ya rage daga gare su shine ambaci a cikin tsoffin litattafai da ƙididdigar game da kowane irin dodanni, elves, dodanni, dodanni. Duk da haka, akwai tashar kayan gargajiya a duniya inda wuraren da ke faruwa su ne ainihin, kamar yadda ma'aikatanta suka ce, ragowar ƙugiyoyi, talikai da sauran abubuwa masu ban mamaki. Akwai daga cikin rassan dodanni, masarauta, macizai masu mahimmanci guda biyu da sauran dodanni, waɗanda masu binciken ilimin halitta-masu tasiri suka fito daga zurfin duniya.
Ta yaya aka fara
Masanin kimiyya na ilmin lissafi ya bi ka'idar cewa rayuwa ta samo asali ne a cikin shekarun Precambrian. Wannan shine lokaci mafi ban sha'awa, wanda shine asusun ajiyar kashi 90 cikin 100 na dukkan abubuwa masu rai. Ya dade kusan shekaru biliyan 5, tun daga farkon farawar duniya zuwa Cambria. Da farko a cikin duniyarmu babu yanayin, babu ruwa, babu komai, har ma da duniyar wuta.
Tsuntsaye da marasa rai, ta ta da hanzari a cikin tudu. Ana kiran wannan lokacin Katarhei. Shekaru biliyan 4 da suka shude Archaea ya maye gurbinsa, wanda alama ce ta yanayi, duk da haka, kusan ba tare da oxygen ba. A lokaci guda kuma, ruwan farko ya fito, wanda shine mafita-gishiri. A cikin wadannan mummunan yanayi, rayuwa ta fara. Mafi dabba na duniya shine cyanobacteria. Sun zauna a yankuna, suna yin fina-finai ko matsakaitan mats a kan maɓallin. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar su - ƙwayoyin stromatolites.
Ci gaba da bunkasa rayuwa
Archaean yana da shekaru biliyan 1.5. Cyanobacteria sun cika yanayi tare da iskar oxygen kuma sun ba da bayyanar daruruwan sababbin nau'o'in kwayoyin halittu, saboda muhimmancin aikin da muke da shi na ma'adanai.
Kimanin shekaru miliyan 540 da suka wuce, Cambrian ya fara, shekaru 55-56. Yawan farko shine Paleozoic. Wannan kalmar Helenanci tana nufin "rayuwar duniyar" ("paleozoic"). A Paleozoi, na farko da kawai
Gundwana na gaba. Tsarin yanayi ya dumi, kusa da tsaka-tsaki, wanda shine manufa don ci gaban rayuwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya wanzu a cikin ruwa. Abokan da suke wakilta ba kawai ba ne kawai, amma har da dukkanin tsarin algae, polyps, murjani, hydras, tsofaffi na baya da sauran abubuwa. Wadannan dabbobin daji sun ci dukan wadanda suka kafa stromatolites. A daidai wannan lokaci, sun fara inganta ƙasar.
Tsire-tsire na zamani
An yi imani da cewa wanda ya fara zuwa "kasa" a kan shuka. Da farko, wadannan su ne algae na ruwa mai zurfi wanda ya sauka daga lokaci zuwa lokaci. Blue-kore algae ne na farko shuke-shuke a duniya. An maye gurbin su ta hanyar psilophytes. Ba su da tushe duk da haka, amma akwai rigar da ke dauke da ruwa da kayan abinci ta cikin sel. Sa'an nan kuma ya zo ne daga horsetails, mosses da ferns. A cikin girman, wadannan tsire-tsire sun kasance gwargwadon gine-gine, tare da tsawo na gida 10-storey. A cikin gandun daji suna da duhu kuma suna da zafi. Gymnosperms na farko ba su samo asali ne daga ferns ba, amma daga ƙwararrun kwayoyi, waɗanda suka riga sun samo asali, haushi, maƙala da kambi. Yayin da yake nuna godiya, kakannin gymnosperms sun zama bace. Angiosperms bayyana a cikin Cretaceous lokaci. Suna da muhimmanci wajen tura magabansu - gymnosperms, canja fuskar fuskar duniyar nan kuma zama kundin shari'a.
Hasken rana ta farko da farkon faɗuwar rana
Harshen tsire-tsire a ƙasa ya ba da gudummawar bayyanar da ci gaba da kwari. Dabba mafi duniyar ƙasar shine alamu, wanda wakilinsa mai haske shi ne gizo-gizo makamai. Daga bisani ya bayyana kwari masu launin fuka-fuki, sa'an nan kuma amphibians. A karshen ƙarshen dabbobin Paleozoic mamaye a ƙasa, wanda yana da matukar ban sha'awa. Daga cikin su suna da tsawon mita uku, pelicosaurs wanda ya kai mita 6.5, wanda ya wuce. Wadannan su ne mafi yawan ɗalibai, waɗanda suke da matsayi da kananan wakilan, da Kattai. Kimanin shekaru 252 da suka wuce, mummunan bala'i na duniya ya faru, wanda ya haifar da asarar 70% na duk dabbobi, 96% na rayuwa da kuma 83% na kwari. Ya faru a lokacin Perm. Sun ƙare tare da Paleozoic kuma suka fara tare da Mesozoic. Ya kasance tsawon shekara 185-186. A Mesozoic sune Triassic, Jurassic da Cretaceous lokaci. Dabbobi da tsire-tsire na da suka tsira daga wannan annoba sun ci gaba. Daga rabi na biyu na Triassic zuwa ƙarshen Mesozoic, wurare masu rinjaye sun kasance masu kula da dinosaur.
Ubangijin Dinosaur
Wadannan abubuwa masu rarrafe sun ƙayyade fiye da dubu dubu, yawancin dabbobi na dā sun taimaka wajen nazarin su. An dauki dinosaur din farko a matsayin stryker, wanda tsawon jiki bai kasa mita ba, kuma nauyi shine kimanin kilo 30. Daga bisani, akwai alamodaurus, eoraptor, plesiosaurus, tyrannosaurus da sauransu. Sun cika kasa, duniyar teku, ta hau cikin iska. Mafi shahararrun pangolins mai hawa shi ne pterodactyl. Sun kasance a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban, daga yara ƙanƙara da gwargwadon tsuntsaye tare da fuka-fuki na 12-13. Sun ci kifi, kwari da 'yan uwansu. A shekara ta 1964, a lokacin yunkuri, an samu ragowar halittar da ake kira Deinonych. Wannan shine dinosaur farko mai dumi. An dauka shi magabcin tsuntsaye ne, tun da yake yana da gashinsa.
Dinosaur suna ban mamaki dabbobi masu tsufa. Mutane da yawa suna la'akari da su wauta ne da tsararru, amma ba su iya ba kawai su sa qwai ba, har ma su zauna da su, kula da 'ya'yansu, karewa da ilmantar da' ya'yansu. Kuma pelicosaurs sune iyayen farko na mambobi.
Mulkin Mammals
Kimanin shekaru 65 da suka wuce, a ƙarshen Mesozoic, wani mummunan masifa ya faru, sakamakon haka duk dinosaur suka mutu. Har ila yau, yawancin nau'o'in mollusks, dabbobin ruwa, da tsire-tsire sun bace. Har ila yau, mutuwar wasu sun haifar da fitowar da kuma bunkasa wasu. Kwayoyin dabbobi masu jinin sun shafe tsawon lokaci kuma sun kasance da hankali a kan duk duk wani nau'in halitta. Ya faru a Cainozoic, wanda ya maye gurbin Mesozoic. A cikin zamansa na zamani, ci gaba yanzu, wani mutum ya bayyana. Dabbobin daji An lalatar da al'ummomin da suka tsira daga bala'o'i na al'ada a lokacin wayewar mutane da mutum mai hankali a cikin 'yan kwanan baya. Saboda haka, a shekara ta 1500, an kashe dukkan tsuntsaye moa. A karshen 17th karni tsaya da wanzuwar Dodo, Dodo, Tours, fasinja tattabara. A 18th karni kashe karshe teku saniya. A cikin 19, kullun karshe ta kama da zebra ya mutu, kuma a cikin 20 na kurkuku Tasmanian ya mutu. Kuma wannan karamin ɓangare ne na jerin abubuwan masu ban sha'awa.
Binciken maras kyau
Duk wadannan dabbobin sun lalace ta haɗamar mutum. Duk da haka, akwai mutane da yawa masu kyau a duniya wadanda ke kula da kare jinsunan da ke cikin duniya kuma suna tafiyar da hanyoyi tare da manufar gano sababbin. Murna yi imani da cewa ba duk tsoho dabbobi ya zama dadaddun. Akwai ko da kimiyya - cryptozoology, da ake magana da wasu nau'o'in relic unusual. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu - plesiosaur na Loch Ness da Puerto Rican chupacabra. Masu shakka ba su gaskanta da wanzuwarsu ba, amma a kwanan nan babu wanda ya gaskata da wanzuwar bishiyoyi, '' 'pygmy', da kifi, kifi, da sauran dabbobin da aka gano a cikin ƙarni na 18-20. Kamar dai idan tabbatarwa cewa sabon binciken ya ci gaba, mutane suna samun skeletons na musamman ko ƙananan jikokin halittun da ba a sani ba wanda ke jiran bayanin su da tsarawa.