Hanyar Hannibal ta hanyar Alps: tarihin tarihi, kwanan wata

Tarihi riko da yawa sunayen mai girma generals, da a kan wanda manya manyan nasarori na dukan duniya ya sani. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Hannibal Barca, basirarsa da damar yin tunani a waje da akwatin da aka ba Carthage don ya sami nasara mai yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da kwamandan ya yi shi ne sauyawa da dubban dakaru a fadin Alps. Wannan labarin ya dace ne da bayanin fasalin tarihin juyin mulkin Hannibal ta hanyar Alps, sakamakonsa da sakamakonsa.

Tarihin Hannibal Barki kafin tafiya a cikin Alps

Kafin kayi bayani game da juyin juya halin Hannibal ta hanyar Alps, ya kamata ka yi magana game da wanene Janar shine. Shi sanannen kwamandan Carthaginian kuma dan siyasa ne, wanda ke godiya ga basirarsa kamar yadda masanin ya samu nasara a kan Roma. An haifi kwamandan a 247 BC. E. A garin Carthage, ubansa Hamilcar Barca ya zama kwamandan rundunar sojojin Carthaginian, wanda ke Spain, bayan haka, ya kasance mai tasiri sosai a kasar kuma ya ce shi shugaban siyasa.

Tun lokacin da yaro, Hannibal ya nuna irin makircin jagoran soja, saboda haka mahaifinsa, wanda yake ganin shi a matsayin magajinsa, ya ba dansa kyakkyawar ilimi. An haifi Hannibal a sansanin sojan soja, amma baya ga horo na jiki, gwamna na gaba ya yi nazarin harshen Helenanci da harsunan Latin, aikin soja, yana da sha'awar sake fasalin Solon. Hakanan Hannibal ta hanyar Alps ya sami nasara.

A sakamakon haka ne, jarumin ya fito ne, mai basira, mai karfi, jarumi mai jagora, wanda ya saba da misali ta hanyar aikinsa ga sojojin. A cikin 221 BC. E. Shekarun da ya wuce a lokacin balagagge Barca, duk da magoya bayan magajin garin, an kira shi kwamandan rundunar sojojin Carthage. Tun daga wannan lokaci, kwamandan ya fara cika rantsuwar da aka ba mahaifinsa, ya kasance abokin gaba na Roma. Kisan da aka yi a Warranty na farko na Carthage yana da mummunan sakamako, don haka Hannibal, idan aka la'akari da yaki ba zai yiwu ba, ya fara faɗar da rikici da Roma, kafin ya haɗu da iko.

Tarihin Hannibal yana wucewa ta cikin Alps

2 abubuwa na wannan taron ba su ba da hutawa ga masana tarihi: menene ya jawo kwamandan a kan wannan mummunan aiki, kuma me ya sa ya samu nasara?

Bisa ga zaman lafiya na ƙarshe 242 BC. E., Carthage ta biya babban farashi don shan kashi, kasar ta rasa rinjayarta a cikin Rumunyar Ruwa. Mahaifin Hannibal, Hamilcar, yana bin wata manufar cin nasara don samun nasara a matsayin babban rinjaye, yakan shawo kan bukatun Roma, don haka ya sa Roma a farkon yakin basasa.

Saboda haka, nasarar da aka samu a Spain sun kasance kyakkyawan tafarki ne don kai hari a kan Roma, wanda ba zai iya zama ba fãce Jamhuriyar Republic. Bayan mutuwar yaƙin Hamilkar, sabon kwamandan sojojin Carthaginian dan dansa ne Hasdrubal, wanda ya fi cigaba da cigaba da ci gaba da manufarsa. Don haka, yanke shawara mai mahimmanci shine tushe a cikin Pyrenees of New Carthage, wanda aka ƙaddara ya zama cibiyar kulawa da kasuwanci na kayan mallakar Mutanen Espanya na Carthage. Daga ƙarshe, a shekara ta 218 kafin zuwan BC Carthage ta biya ga dukan asararta bayan Gidan Farko na Farko, don haka rashin kuskuren yaki da Roma cikakke ne.

Tun lokacin da Hannibal ya zo mulki, yana da shekaru ashirin da biyar ne kawai, amma ya riga ya zama jagoran soja kuma ya san cikakken lokacin da harin ya kai Roma. Amma da farko ya zama dole don shirya yaki. Barca ta sami haɗin kai tare da kabilun Iberian kuma ta fara tattara runduna. Dalilin yakin ya faru ne a kan birni mai garu na Sagunt, wanda ke cikin Spain, wanda ya kasance abokin tarayya a Roma. Bayan watanni bakwai na siege a 218 BC. E. An kama birnin, sannan kuma ofishin jakadancin Roma a Carthage ya yi fada akan su. Daga wannan lokacin ne ya fara Na biyu Punic War, da kuma Hannibal Barca fara tunani a kan hanya na kai hari a kan Italy.

Rundunar sojojin

Kafin tafiya Italiya, Hannibal ya yanke shawarar tabbatar da yankunansa a gaba, don haka a Afrika kwamandan ya bar mutane 13,000 da mahayan dawakai dubu daya, birnin Carthage da kansa ya bar don kare sojoji 4,000. Da kansa Hannibal ya ci gaba da yakin neman Italiya ta hanyar Alps, tare da sojan dakarun da ke dauke da sojoji 40,000 da mahayan dawakai 9,000, a cikin haka, 37 giwaye sun shiga cikin yakin. Har ila yau, a cikin Spain a karkashin jagorancin ɗan'uwana Barki Gasdrubal, akwai mutane dubu 13 da mahayan dawakai dubu biyu da hamsin 21. Rundunar sojojin Roman ta jagorancin mai suna Tiberius Sempronius Long, wanda ke da dakarun soja 22,000 da dakarun karusai 2,500, da kuma na biyu mai ba da shawara Publius Cornelius Scipio, wanda ke da sojoji 20,000 da sojoji 2,000, suka fuskanci sojojin Hannibal. Ranar canja wurin Hannibal ta cikin Alps - 218 BC. E.

Hanyar motsi na sojojin Hannibal

Babban dalili da ya yanke shawarar zabi na hanyar kai farmaki a cikin Alps by Hannibal Barqa shi ne sha'awar amfani da sakamako mai ban mamaki. Tunda a wannan lokacin da aka haye ta hanyar arewacin Alps saboda hanyoyi masu wuya da dakarun sojojin dubban dubban an dauke su da kashe kansa. Hanyar Hannibal dole ne a zaba da hankali sosai, don haka hanyar hanyar zirga-zirga ta kasance ta wuce ga masu hawan kwalliya, masu hawan giwaye, da kuma kaya da kayan abinci da kayan aiki. Bugu da ƙari, hanya ba ta dauki lokaci mai yawa, tun da yawancin kayan da aka ƙuntata ya ƙuntata. Tarihin tarihi suna nuna hanyoyin da za a iya yi na gwagwarmaya ta musamman, mafi yawan abin da aka fi so shi ne Titus Livia, goyon bayan masu bincike na zamani.

A wancan lokacin, akwai hanyoyi guda uku kawai ta hanyar Alps. Hanyar farko ta faru a kan tafkin bakin teku, shi ya fi sauƙi a sauƙaƙe, amma sojojin Roma sun katange shi, saboda haka Barca ba zai iya motsawa ba. Hanyar na biyu ta wuce ta Alps. Duk da cewa wannan hanya ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta, ba daidai ba ne ga sasantawa da manyan sojojin, kawai a lokacin Pompey a kan wannan hanyar da aka sanya hanya ta soja don kafa hulɗa tare da lardin Gallic. Hanyar hanya ta uku ta wuce ta Alishanci Graiske, an kira wannan sashin ƙananan San Bernard, hanya ce mafi tsawo, amma har ma mafi dacewa, tun daga kwarin da hanyar da aka yi gudu ya kasance mai fadi da kyau ga dabbobi masu kiwo. Bugu da ƙari, hanyar ta hanyar Graiske Alps yana daya daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, Alexander Suvorov da sojojinsa sunyi yakin neman Italiyanci ta wurin wannan nassi. Saboda haka, dangane da aiki na Libya da kuma sauran kafofin, ta zamani, malamai sun ƙarasa da cewa a cikin tsayi duwãtsu Hannibal Barca da dubban sojoji suka zo, motsi cirewa daga cikin Rhone kogin, sa'an nan ta hanyar San Bernard wuce, ya je a kan rãfin na kogin Po, sa'an nan , Komawa cikin yakin ƙasar Tauris da Gallic kabilu, kwamandan ya tafi kisa, wanda ya bude hanya zuwa Arewacin Italiya.

Hanyar farko ta Hannibal ta hayewa ta cikin Alps

Ranar farkon farawar dakarun ta hanyar Alps, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an dauki su ne 218 BC. Nan da nan a farkon kwanakin mutanen da ke cikin Carthaginian sun fuskanci hanyoyi masu tsaka-tsaka masu wuya wanda ya sa mutum ya yi tafiya, ba tare da ambaton kaya ko dangi ba. Amma matsalolin tsaunukan duwatsu da sanyi mai sanyi ba kawai matsalolin da sojojin Hannibal suka fuskanta ba.

Don haka, a farkon kwanakin juyin mulki kafin Hannibal, wahala ta tashi yadda za ta shiga cikin raunin sojoji na Gallic da ke cikin yankin Alps. Kyautar kyautar Kwamandan Hannibal ta warware wannan matsala ta hanyar amfani da gaskiyar cewa mayaƙan abokan gaba sun koma garinsu na dare kuma sun kasance cikin dare. Da yake so ya mallaki shi tare da manyan abubuwan da aka yi masa, kwamandan ya janye hankalin dakarunsa. Amma Gaulun da ke da kyau sun kai hari ga rundunar sojojin Carthaginian, wanda ya haifar da mummunar murkushewa a kan hanya mai zurfi, saboda haka sojojin Barki sun sha wahala sosai, ba kawai daga kibiyoyi da kofe na Gauls ba, amma kuma sakamakon sakamakon fada da sojoji da dawakai Hawan. Daga bisani, sojojin Barca sun ci gaba da turawa da Gaul suka sauka a kwarin Chambery, inda kwamandan sojojin ya kasance dan karamin garin Gallic don ya kwashe sojojinsa. A cikin kwarin Hannibal, Barka ya ba sojojinsa kwanakin da yawa don hutawa don raunuka da kuma wadata kayan aiki daga katunan da aka kama daga Gauls.

Domin kwana uku, ba tare da fuskantar juriya ba, rundunar sojojin Carthaginian suka haɓaka kogin Ysera. Bugu da ƙari, sojojin Barqi sun shiga yankunan karkara, mazauna garin sun yi maraba da dakarun, sun ba su kayan da suka dace kuma sun ba su jagoran. Amma kamar yadda ya fito daga baya, ya kasance tarkon dabara, tun da hanyar da jagoran suka nuna ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin Carthaginian su yi kwanto. Ma'aikatan mayakan sun fara jujjuya manyan duwatsu a kan duwatsu kuma suka kori 'yan Carthagin tare da kiban da māsu, amma kafin yakin, Hannibal ya yi gargadi, saboda haka an tura dakarun sojan doki da masu tsabta a cikin sansanin, kuma babban mayakan ya kasance a baya. Na gode wa wannan ci gaba, kwamandan ya ci gaba da kasancewa mafi girma, wanda ya sa sojojin su yi juyin mulki, amma sojojin Carthaginian sun sha wahala sosai. Kodayake asarar sun iya zama mafi girma, idan ba a ga 'yan giwaye na Carthaginian ba, wanda kamannin su sun ji tsoro ga mayaƙan abokan gaba da suka ji tsoro su kusanci su.

Mataki na biyu na juyawa mai tsayi

A rana ta tara ta haye Hannibal ta hanyar Alps (shekara ta 218 kafin haihuwar Almasihu), an sami mafi girma daga cikin nassi. A nan kwamandan sojojin ya karya sansani, domin hutawa, jira wadanda suka ɓace kuma suka rasa, don tara dawakai da shanu. A wannan lokacin, halayyar sojojin ta hanyar babban hasara, matsalolin rikici ya fadi sosai. Da yake ganin wannan, Hannibal tare da jawabinsa yayi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa sojojin, da sanin cewa sauka daga Alps yana da wuya a hawa su.

Duk da cewa hare-hare na kabilun abokan gaba sun kusan ƙarewa, yawan matsaloli sun kara da yanayin da ke faruwa a lokacin sanyi da sanyi. Kasancewar zurfin dusar ƙanƙara wanda ke rufe hanyoyin da ke kan iyaka sunyi matukar wahala. Bugu da ƙari, hanya ta zama mai dadi sosai kuma mutane da dama sun fadi kuma sun fada cikin abyss daga wani babban tsawo, ba tare da samun damar kama wani itace ko itace ba, tun da babu babu.

Har yanzu lamarin ya fi rikitarwa, lokacin da ya kai ga gaba na gaba, sojojin sun gano cewa an rufe shi da duwatsu da dusar ƙanƙara. Hanyar kirkirar Hannibal ta sami hanyar fita daga wannan yanayin da ba shi da bege. Kwamandan ya ba da umarni cewa a cikin sassan da sojojin suka yanke wani karamin hanya kuma suka gina babban wuta a can lokacin da wuta ta ƙone, a kan gindin dutse masu yawan gundumar Carthaginian suka zubar da ruwan inabin, wanda ya sa dutsen ya fi ƙarfin. Daga bisani, a kan Hannibal, umurnin mutane masu gajiya da yunwa, tare da taimakon makamai masu linzami, sun kwashe hanyoyi na kwana biyu, a rana ta uku Hannibal sojojin suka wuce ta hanyar kuma basu fuskanci matsala ba a hanyar.

Ba da daɗewa sojojin Hannibal sun zo kwarin kwarin gilashin Baltea, inda mazauna garin suka sadu da sojoji a matsayin masu sassaucin ra'ayi kuma suka shirya musu maraba da farin ciki. Tun da babu sojojin da ke kusa da sojojin, sojojin Hannibal sun yada sansanin su kuma sunyi karfi har tsawon kwanaki goma sha huɗu, bayan haka, suna jiran tafiya zuwa arewacin Italiya. A takaice, juyin mulkin Hannibal Barki na dubban dubbai ya dauki kwanaki goma sha biyar.

Asarar sojojin Carthaginian a lokacin yunkuri na Alpine

Duk da cewa Hannibal ya cimma burinsa kuma ya bude kofa zuwa Arewacin Italiya a gabansa, an ba shi da sojojinsa matukar wuya. A cikin kwanaki goma sha biyar na hayewar sojojin Hannibal ta hanyar Alps (ranar da aka sani ga mai karatun), sakamakon sakamakon gwaninta tare da kabilun gida, sanyi, yunwa da kuma fada daga rundunar sojoji 40,000 da mahayan dawakai 9,000, game da rabi na maharan da kuma doki 6,000 Warriors. Bugu da kari, talatin da bakwai da giwaye, ya fara tafiya, har yanzu da rai domin game da goma sha biyar, amma wannan lambar kamar yadda aka nuna ta kara events zai zama isa ya kawo tsõro da Roman legions. Har ila yau, yawancin mutanen da suka tsira, kamar yadda Polybius ya yi, sun rasa haushi a lokacin yakin da suke fama da yunwa da nakasa jiki kuma ba su iya yin yaki ba.

Sakamakon tafiya

Janar Hannibal Bark da kansa ya yarda da rubuce-rubucensa cewa ra'ayin sa ido a cikin Alps yana da nasaba. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, bayan bayanan Hannibal ta hanyar Alps (mun yi bayani a taƙaice a cikin labarin), rundunar sojojin Carthaginian sun rasa kusan rabin sojoji, amma ƙofa zuwa arewacin Italiya kafin Hannibal ya bude, don haka burin ya cika. Barca ya samu asararsa daga yawan mutanen Gallic da suke adawa da Jamhuriyar Romawa kuma suna farin cikin shiga cikin nasara.

Bugu da ƙari, sakamakon abin mamaki da irin wannan aikin da kwamandan ya yi, babban shiri ne na tsarin Jamhuriyar Roma, wanda ya sa aka yi aikin soja a Spain kuma bai yarda da fitowar sojojin dakarun da ke kan iyakarta ba, ya fadi sosai. Bayan sake sake dakarun da kuma kaddamar da dakarun farko a Roma a cikin fadace-fadace na Ticin, Trebbia da Lake Trasimeno, wannan shirin na farko a karo na farko na Warriors na Biyu ya zama cikakke a Carthage.

Ra'ayin tunanin Hannibal ta hanyar Alps a cikin fasaha da al'ada

Irin wannan yanayi, kamar yadda Hanunbal ta hanyar Alps ya wuce, ba za a iya nuna shi ba a cikin fasaha. Don haka, shahararrun masanin wasan kwaikwayo, William Turner, ya hoton hoton "The Snowstorm: Hannibal da sojojinsa suna tsallaka Alps". Wannan hoto na juyin juya halin Hannibal ta hanyar Alps yana nunawa a cikin wani tsari na musamman. Har ila yau, ya ƙirƙiri da yawa takardun rubutu, sadaukar da kansu ga miƙa mulki na kwamandan. Wannan, alal misali, zane-zanen launin launi, wanda Henry Leitmann ya yi a shekarar 1866, a ƙarƙashin taken "Hannibal ya tsallake Alps", ko zane-zane na karni na 19 "Hannibal a cikin yakin". Har ila yau, tarihin canja wurin Hannibal ta hanyar Alps yana mai da hankali ne ga wasu takardu na irin tashar TV din kamar BBC, "Al'adu", da dai sauransu.

Kammalawa

Don takaitaccen abu, yana da muhimmanci mu lura cewa dalilin da ya sa ya jagoranci kwamandan Hannibal Barku don yin tafiya tare da sojojinsa ta hanyar Alps shi ne sha'awar wani harin da ba a tsammanin ba, tun da Roman Republic ba zai iya tsammanin zato daga arewa ba. An haye Hannibal ta hanyar Alps (bayanan tarihi a cikin labarin) dakarun da karfi da kimanin mutane dubu 50, bayan rikici, kimanin mutane dubu 26 sun tsira. Amma sakamakon da aka samu, duk da babban asarar lambobin, Carthage ya isa ya lashe nasara mai yawa na nasarar soja a mataki na farko na Batic Wars kuma ya sanya Jamhuriyar Roma a kan ƙarshen hallaka.