Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin: bayyane, asali

Mihail Aleksandrovich Bakunin ne daya daga cikin mafi shahara da masana falsafa na da 19th karni. Yana da tasiri sosai a kan samuwar anarchism na zamani. An fassara ayyukansa cikin harsuna da yawa kuma suna da alaƙa. Har ila yau, malamin falsafa shine sanannun Slavist. Magoya bayan zamani na wannan ra'ayin sukan zamo aikin Mikhail Alexandrovich.

Da ra'ayoyin janyo hankalin mutane da yawa mahalarta na Oktoba juyin juya halin, wanda ya canja duniya har abada. Wannan shi ne ainihin daya daga cikin manyan shahararriyar mabiya tunanin Rasha.

Yara da matasa

An haifi Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1814 a lardin Tver. Iyalinsa sun rayu sosai. Uba da mahaifiyar manyan masu gidaje ne da suna da daraja. Baya ga Michael kansa, akwai wasu yara 9 a cikin iyali. Abubuwan da suke bukata sun bukaci kudade mai yawa, wanda ya riga ya yi magana game da wadatar Bakunin. Tun lokacin yarinyar Mikhail ya yi karatu a gida. A lokacin da ya kai 15 yana aikawa zuwa sabis na sojojin. A St. Petersburg, ya zama horarren horar da horarwa. Yayinda yake da shekaru 19 ya shiga makarantar jami'in. Duk da haka, a wannan shekarar an fitar da shi daga can, domin ya yi magana da mai girma a cikin matsayi. Wani kuma shekaru biyu matasa Bakunin ke ciyarwa a cikin sojojin.

A 1835 sai ya bar sabis kuma ya koma Moscow. A can ya sadu da marubucin marubucin Stankevich. Kusan a wannan lokacin da falsafancin Jamus ya kama shi. Ya fara nazarin tarihin tarihi da zamantakewa. Yana da sauri ya zama shigarwa a cikin dukkan littattafai na wallafe-wallafen. Maganganunsa sune ƙaunar wasu wakilai na sanannun basira. Daga Moscow, Mikhail yakan je gidan mahaifinsa da St. Petersburg. A cikin yanayin masana falsafanci kuma yana da karbuwa mai girma. A shekarar 1939 akwai Herbert da masaniya.

Shigewa

Nazarin falsafar Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin yayi kusan kusan dukkan lokacinsa. Duk da haka, ba shi da albarkatun kansa kuma yana rayuwa ne don kudi na iyaye. Iyali baya tallafa wa wannan hanyar rayuwa kuma yana son Michael ya koma gida ya yi aiki a can a matsayin wani abu. Amma duk da haka, uban yakan aika da kudi ga dansa. Sau da yawa Michael yana zaune ne saboda abokansa, yana daina tsayawa a gida a wasu mutane. Yana da kyau a Jamusanci. A cikin asali ya karanta litattafai na falsafar Jamus. A shekara ta 1840, an mayar da hankali sosai ga abubuwan da Hegel ya yi. Ya raba tunaninsa tare da abokai. Ya rubuta a cikin mujallu daban-daban.

Ƙwarewa da falsafar Jamus yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa Michael ya yanke shawarar komawa Berlin don ya zama sananne da wannan sashin kimiyya. Kusan a wannan lokacin, 'yan sanda na asali zasu gano cewa akwai masanin kimiyya - Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin. Tarihin wani mai daraja mai daraja yana lalata ta hanyar sadarwa tare da "abubuwa marasa bangaskiya". Duk da haka, Mikhail ba a shafe kowane mummunan zalunci ba.

Don tafiya zuwa Berlin, yana bukatar kudi, kuma babba. Tun da marubuta ba shi da kudin shiga, yana nufin wani mai tallafi - mahaifinsa. Saboda wannan, ya rubuta wata wasiƙa mai tsawo, yana bayyana ainihin nufinsa. Mahaifin ya ba da damar izinin tafiya, amma ya ƙi karɓar kuɗi don shi. Bakunin ya nemi ya karba daga abokinsa Herzen. Ya ba da babbar adadin - 2,000 rubles. Yanzu har yanzu akwai yiwuwar yin tafiya zuwa Jamus.

Jimawa kafin ya tashi, Mikhail yana da gardama da marubucin Katkov, wanda ya shiga cikin yakin. A cikin zafi, Bakunin ya kira abokin hamayyarsa zuwa duel, amma rana mai zuwa yana tunani game da shi.

A Turai

A 1940, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin ya isa Berlin. A nan ne ya fara sabon sababbin sababbin sanannun. Yana shiga cikin ƙungiyar masu gyarawa. Mafi yawansu duk ya yi sha'awar a falsafar Hegel. An karbi bakuncin malaman falsafa na Rasha a cikin kulob din "Hegelian". Michael ya rubuta a wasu jaridu Jamus. A wannan lokaci, girman kai ga ra'ayinsa ya zama "hagu". Ya rubuta wasu littattafai masu juyi masu yawa, waɗanda aka yadu da su a cikin ƙungiyoyin masu zaman kansu. Baya ga masana falsafa na Jamus, sassan Bakunin sun hada da magoya bayan Poland da Rasha. Daga cikinsu akwai Ivan Turgenev. Bayan shekaru da yawa a Berlin, Michael ya sadu da Marx har ma yayi magana da shi sau da yawa.

Ayyukan juyin juya hali

Bayan dan lokaci, masanin kimiyya ya motsa zuwa Paris, inda ya fi kusa da harshen fasaha na harshen Poland. A daya daga cikin banquets, ya ba da jawabi tare da goyon bayan 'yancin mutanen Poland a kan tsauri.

Bayan haka sai ya bayyana cewa ba zai iya komawa Rasha ba. A Birnin Paris, ra'ayoyin Bakunin sun kara karuwa. A nan ya hade da hagu. A matsayinsu na St. Petersburg, ana fitar da Mikhail daga Faransa. Duk da haka, juyin juya halin Fabrairu ya ƙare, kuma Bakunin ya dawo.

Mikhail Aleksandrovich yana cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata. Amma saboda ra'ayoyinsa masu ban sha'awa, sabuwar gwamnati ta yanke shawarar fitar da dan kasar Rasha zuwa Jamus.

Bayan haka ya yi tafiya sosai a Turai. Yayin da ya zauna a Prague ya wallafa da dama daga ayyukan Slavic da ya yi. Ya yanke shawarar kasancewa har abada a Turai, amma a shekara ta 1851 an tura shi zuwa 'yan sanda tsarist kuma aka tura shi zuwa Rasha. A can ne ya ciyar da lokacinsa a kurkuku da kuma hijira. Domin shekaru hudu, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin ya zauna a Tomsk. Daga nan sai ya tashi zuwa Ingila daga can. Ya mutu Yuni 19, 1876 a Switzerland, inda aka binne shi.

Bakunin Mikhail Aleksandrovich: babban ra'ayoyin

Babban ra'ayoyin masanin falsafa na Rasha ya dogara akan jari-hujja. Mikhail Alexandrovich za a iya kwatanta shi a matsayin masanin ilimin likitan "hagu". Ya yi imanin cewa ikon mulki ya kamata a hallaka shi gaba daya. A wurinsa akwai irin ƙungiyar al'ummomin daban-daban. A cewar Bakunin, kowace al'umma na iya yin aiki sosai. Ikon shi ne haɗin kai. A matsayin ma'anar alamar irin wannan na'ura - ci gaba da bunkasa hanyoyin gudanarwa da zamantakewar al'umma. Ya kamata jama'a suyi hulɗa da juna bisa ga ka'idar Tarayya.

Domin ka'idar irin wannan na'ura a cikin al'umma, an soki shi a hankali akai-akai ta hanyar zamantakewar al'umma. A ra'ayinsu, dole ne hukumomin tsakiya su wanzu, wanda Bakunin Mikhail Alexandrovich ya karyata. Manufofin zamantakewa da zamantakewa bisa ga ka'idojin al'ummomi an kira "anarchocollectivism." A wannan yanayin, hanyar da za a iya samar da irin wannan tsarin, kamar yadda masanin kimiyya ya ce, shine juyin juya hali. A matsayin tuki da karfi dauke da matalautan segments na yawan jama'ar, kamar yadda suke halin da high ƙarfi, kuma da ikon shirin yaqi. Kungiyoyi masu juyin juya hali sun kamata su fito ne daga kasa.

A kimantawa da kwaminisanci

Bakunin ya soki Marx da magoya bayansa a cikin fadin jihar.

Ya yi imani da cewa mulkin kama karya na proletariat zai babu makawa kai ga usurpation na iko. Rashin karuwa daga cikin masu juyin juya hali a cikin sabuwar ƙungiyar masu zaluntar zalunci ne sakamakon tsarin tsarin samarwa na Marx. Duk da haka, a lokaci guda kuma Mikhail Alexandrovich ya nuna godiya sosai ga ayyukan ma'aikatar Falsafa ta Jamus da kansa da kansa ya rubuta dabaru masu yawa. A cikin wannan yanayi, ya duba Australiya da Turkiyya a matsayin babban makiyi na ma'aikata. Ya yi imanin cewa dole ne a hallaka wadannan daukoki don ci gaba. Turkiyya da Ostiryia sun sha kashi da yawa daga kasashe, wanda shine babban matsalar Turai, a cewar Bakunin.

Pan-Slavism

A lokacin hijira Bakunin ya mayar da hankali ga matsalolin Slavs. Ayyukansa na Slavic ya zama sananne a ko'ina cikin Turai. Ya yi imanin cewa dukan Slavs ya kamata su haɗu. Bakunin bai yi la'akari da wata ƙasa ta musamman a matsayin cibiyar unification ba. A akasin wannan, ya yi imanin cewa wajibi ne a gina gundumar inda dukkanin Slavic za su kasance daidai. Ga yadda ya saba wa wannan ka'ida, sai ya soki gwamnatocin Austria da Turkiyya akai-akai. Har ila yau, na kula da gaisuwar ta {asar Poland. Hakan ya shafi abin mamaki a kan yankin ƙasar Rasha.

Masu bin ra'ayoyin

Bakunin Mikhail Alexandrovich yana da mabiyanta har yau. A gaskiya, waɗannan su ne m anarchists. Sun sami alamomi a tsakanin ayyukan Bakunin da wani dan asalin Rasha, Kropotkin. Yawancin lokuta magunguna na al'adu suna karkatar da ra'ayi na malaman ilimin falsafa game da gina wata al'umma mai adalci, yana jagorantar su zuwa kuskure.

Bugu da ƙari, ga magungunan, Bakunin ma yana da daraja a cikin wasu nau'i na wasu "lefts". Alal misali, Marxists da Neo-Bolshevik suna magana akai-akai ga rubuce-rubucensa. Gaskiyar cewa Bolshevik sun raba wasu ra'ayoyi na masarautar da ake nunawa a kalla wasu hanyoyi da ake kira bayan malaman. A ƙofar Kremlin, a kan umarnin Lenin da kansa, an buga sunan "Bakunin Mikhail Alexandrovich". Rahotanni na taƙaice na juyin juya halin Rasha sun hada da shirin da ake bukata na dukkan cibiyoyin siyasa.