Unitary jihar - abin da yake da shi? Ãyõyin a unitary jihar

Unitary nau'i na jihar - shi ne irin na gwamnati, a cikin abin da kasar ne zuwa kashi da dama administrative raka'a wanda ba su da matsayi na jama'a abokai. Amma a wasu lokuta, mutum yankuna na kasar na iya samun wani mataki na cin gashin wajen yanke shawara. Ãyõyin a unitary jihar halin da kananan in size da kuma jama'ar na kasar. Amma a nan, akwai wani banda a cikin nau'i na kasar Sin, wanda, duk da m yanki da kuma wata babbar yawan, an dauke su a unitary jihar. A cikin irin wannan kasashe, akwai guda ya kafa dokoki, guda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da kuma tsarin shari'a. Higher controls daya ga duk abokai a jihar. A yanzu lokaci ne mai unitary cikakken rinjaye na zaman jama'a abokai a duniya. Daga cikin wadannan kasashe, da shi za a iya lura da Birtaniya, Faransa, Spain, Ukraine kuma waɗansu da yawa. Kwanan nan muka sosai ji sau da yawa ambaci game da wani unitary jihar. Abin da shi ne, za mu duba a cikin mafi daki-daki.

Unitarity matsayin wani nau'i na gwamnati

Kafin nazari akai a more daki-daki da Kalmar "unitary jihar" kanta, wajibi ne a ambaci data kasance siffofin gwamnati. A da ginshikin, da siffar da jihar tsarin ne administrative, yankin da kuma na kasa tsarin da kasa, wanda ya nuna irin dangantakar dake tsakanin yankuna,} ananan hukumomi da kuma gwamnatin tsakiya ta na'ura, kazalika da tsakanin mabambantan mutane da al'ummai da suke zaune a wannan ƙasa.

Bugu da kari, cikin nau'i na jihar tsarin ya nuna daga wasu batutuwa ne da ke jihar, abin da doka matsayi da hulda da juna, a cikin abin da form don bayyana bukatun da kabilu da suke zaune a wannan yankin, kazalika da yadda za a gina dangantaka tsakanin tsakiyar hukumomi da kuma gida kai gwamnati .

Amma da musamman nau'i na gwamnati a wani ba kasa dogara a kan Gwargwadon wuri na yankin, da su kasa abun da ke ciki, kazalika da a kan wani adadin dalilai, daga cikinsu tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, tarihi da kuma al'adu.

Siffofin jihar tsarin na siffofin

A halin yanzu, akwai 3 irin siffofin jihar yankin tsarin:

1. Federation. Wannan nau'i na jihar tsarin ne da ƙungiyar da dama a baya sarki (ko da m cin gashin cikin jihar) kasashe (yankuna) a cikin guda jihar a kan wani son rai-akai. Mafi shahara misalai na wani tarayya tsarin ne Rasha Federation (hada da 85 batutuwa, 22 wadda ta Tsakiya, 4 m gundumomi da kuma 1 m yankin), Amurka (50 jihohin da kuma da dama da yardar kaina Associated yankuna), Indiya (29 jihohin, Capital District, da kuma 6 Union Biranan ) da sauransu.

2. Confederation. Wannan nau'i na na'urar ne a jihar jam'iyya da dama 'yantattun kasashe. Duk da haka, babu wani daga cikin batutuwa na tarayya ba ya rasa ta mulki, kuma yana da sojoji, kudi da kuma shari'a da tsarin. Single a halin yanzu data kasance Confederation ne Switzerland (amma kwanan nan ya samu dukan alamu na Tarayya). Har ila yau peculiar Zakarun Nahiyoyi yi imani da EU Union of Rasha da kuma Belarus, da Eurasian Union.

3. A unitary jihar. Mene ne wannan? Wannan tambaya haunts miliyoyin 'yan ƙasa, musamman a cikin' yan shekarun nan tare da fitowan na hotbeds na separatism a dukan duniya. Wannan guda jihar samuwar, wanda aka raba administrative aka gyara, kowanne daga abin da ya mallaka ba sarki, ya yi ɗã'a ga tsakiyar hukumomi. Bi da bi, da unitary jihar da kuma ya kasu kashi da dama iri.

Karkasa unitary tsarin da jihar

By unitary jihar tsarin na irin wannan sun hada da kasar da gwamnatin ayyuka suna da za'ayi a gida matakin ne kawai da hukumomi, wanda aka amince da amince da tsakiyar hukumomi. A wannan yanayin, a Karkasa jihar iya samar da wasu 'yancin kai ƙananan hukumomi a filin. A mafi daukan hankali misalai na wani unitary jihar tare da wani Karkasa na'urar - ne United Kingdom da kuma Denmark. Bugu da kari, daga ãyõyin karkashin shugabancin tsakiya muhimmi zuwa Afirka, inda gida ikon nasa ne da iyalai da kuma danginsu. Ko da yake shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa zuwa ranar, irin jihohi ne rare.

Rarraba Unitary Jihar: Mene ne wannan?

Domin rarraba jihohin su ne wadanda kasashen da suke da tsarin mulki azurta gindaya na tsakiya da hukumomin gari. Wannan ne, a gaskiya, da batutuwa na jama'a da ilimi zai iya yi mai fadi da mulkin kai, kuma ta haka ne da kansa majalisar dokokin kasar, gwamnatin da administrative Tsarin. Amma, irin wannan gata ne manyan yankuna da suke da zarar m, ko da fadi da mulkin kai a tafiyad da takamaiman al'amurran da suka shafi. Bugu da kari, wadannan yankuna sukan sõyayya da na kowa tarihi, tattalin arziki da kuma Gwargwadon amfane shi. Batutuwa rarraba jihar iya yanke shawara a al'amurra da dama, ciki har da tattalin arziki da al'amurran da suka shafi, al'amurran da suka shafi ilimi, kiwon lafiya, jama'a domin da kuma jama'a utilities. A gaskiya ma, batun zama a wasu kasashe na unitary jihar, wanda ake hada saboda wasu dalilai a cikin guda mahaluži. A kasashen da wani karfi rarraba naúrar za a iya dangana a Faransa da kuma Spain.

Mixed unitary jihar

Gauraye unitary jihohin da cututtuka kamar decentralization da kuma tsakiyar iko a kan tasiri na batutuwa na jama'a ilimi. A gaskiya ma, ya gauraye jihohin za a iya dangana ga waɗanda kasashen, wasu yankuna wanda da babba cin gashin kuma ne iya da kansa shirya ayyuka. A wannan yanayin, cin gashin iya kafa links tare da sauran kasashe, da su sa hannu a iri-iri na al'adu, zamantakewa da kuma tattalin arziki memorandums. A mafi daukan hankali misalai na unitary jihar na gauraye irin - wannan shi ne Italiya da kuma Norway.

Domin jihohin da unitary nau'i na na'urar ne halin da dama bayãnin hukuncin fasali.

Ciki rabo daga cikin unitary jihar abokai

Kamar yadda mai mulkin, kowace kasa da aka raba cikin karami yankuna, wanda ya bi da bi ya kasu kashi karami batutuwa na gida gwamnati. yankuna na sunan iya zama daban-daban, amma ma'anar ne guda a dukkan kasashen duniya. Alal misali,} asashen na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet a cikin rabo da manyan yankunan da, bi da bi, zuwa kashi gundumomi da kuma yankunan karkara ƙauyuka (kauyen majalisarku). Wannan sashe ne ba ta hanyar kwatsam. Labaran aka kafa a kan muradun na tarihi da, Gwargwadon wuri da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki. Irin wannan administrative division damar da gwamnatin tsakiya don sarrafa halin da ake ciki kamar yadda zai yiwu a ko'ina cikin kasar.

Babban fasali na unitary kasashen

1. All batutuwa na siyasa da tsarin ne batun da mataki na daya tsarin mulki. A wannan yanayin, da muhimman hakkokin dokar iya rarrabe tsakanin gwamnatin tsakiya da kuma karamar hukumar, haka samar da wasu mulkin kai zuwa yankin.

2. Common jikuna na jihar iko. Da ikon shugaban kasa da kuma majalisar dokokin kasar a ko'ina cikin jihar ne indisputable. Bugu da kari, kwamitin tsakiya ya da ikon nada nasu manajoji kai gwamnati jikuna a ƙasa.

3. Idan a cikin ƙasa na sauran kasashe rayuwa (a cikin kananan size), yana halalta ga samar da su wasu mulkin kai.

4. Duk dangantakar kasa da kasa suna gudana ta tsakiya hukumomi. A batutuwa na jihar ba zai iya shiga cikin kasa da kasa ƙawance da kansa. A yarda ne kawai m tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu jama'a abokai a kan al'adu da kuma zamantakewa matakan.

5. Jihar Actors ba su da jiha da mulki, haka, da yankuna ba su da nasu sojoji, da monetary tsarin da sauran abubuwa na statehood.

6. The hukuma harshe a duk yankuna na jihar sõyayya.

Dalilai da shafi samuwar wani unitary jihar

Mutane da yawa mamaki: "A unitary jihar: abin da shi ne, yadda aka kafa?". Bari mu yi kokarin amsa wannan tambaya. A unitary jihar da aka kafa dangane da dama dalilai. Ka yi la'akari da wasu daga cikinsu.

1. The Yaduwar da yankin guda al'adu da kuma kabilanci yawan cewa yana da daya da harshen, daya addini, da kama da haukan da kuma janar tarihi.

2. ta sauƙi samar da guda jihar tattalin arziki da dalilai. Amurka cewa raba kan iyakoki tare da rashi na kwastan shingen, zai iya zo tare a wani unitary jihar samuwar. Duk da haka, shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa wannan har yanzu yana bukatar wani na kowa kudin, wani na kowa tsarin haraji, sananniyar doka da tsarin, kazalika da hadin kai na hanya m da rabo daga aiki.

3. External matsin lamba daga uku ƙasashe. Tare da aiki baki na jihar a cikin harkokin sauran jihar ƙungiyoyi, kasashen da na kowa iyakokin da kowa al'adu da tarihi da dalilai za a iya sõyayya a cikin guda unitary jihar.

Abubuwan da suke da tasiri bisa dissociation na unitary jihar

A cikin tambaya: "Abin da yake a jihar unitary", mafi yawan mutane za su gaya maka cewa wadannan su ne kasashen da aka sõyayya da tarihi da al'adu, da kuma ba da fuska da manifestations na rarrabuwa a cikin al'umma. Duk da haka, wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Domin unitary abokai a duniya a yau shi ne halin da yawa matsaloli. Daga cikin key iya rarrabe da ake kira separatism, cewa shi ne, da ake bukata na daya yankin a kan amincewa da ta jiha da mulki. La'akari da cewa rinjayar da rarrabuwa a cikin unitary jihar.

1. A hasara na jam'iyya ga tattalin arziki da dalilai. A karin misalin wannan shi ne yanayin, Italy. A cikin 'yan shekaru, arewacin yankuna na kasar zuwa rayayye da'awar daga mulki, musamman da motsi rare a Venice. Wadannan yankuna ne da levers na tattalin arziki, da kuma subsidizing da poorer kudancin yankunan.

2. A daban-daban tarihi, al'adu da kuma harshen na jihar. A wannan yanayin, mafi daukan hankali misali ne Ukraine, wanda ya kunshi yankuna da daban-daban al'adu da tarihi da ban sha'awa. Saboda haka, misali, kudanci da gabashin yankunan da Ukraine ta kusa dangantaka tare da kasar Rasha. A yammacin bangare na kasar da halin da ake ciki shi ne irin wannan. Alal misali, Transcarpathia yana da tarihi da kuma al'adu al'umma tare da Hungary, Bukovina - Romania da kuma Galicia - tare da Poland. Amma duk da irin wannan bambance-bambance a tarihi da kuma al'adu sharuddan, Ukraine yana da siffofin na wani unitary jihar.

3. Low matakin na rayuwa da kuma rashin biyan bukata da wannan al'amari jama'a. A wannan yanayin, a matsayin misali, Sudan. Low rayuwar da ya kai ga cewa kudancin yankuna na kasar da cewa sun yi m cin gashin, yanke shawarar ware daga babban jihar. Ya kamata a lura da cewa shi ne a cikin kudancin yankunan Sudan da aka mayar da hankali ga 60% na tattalin arziki levers. A sakamakon haka, wannan ya haddasa gaskiya cewa siyasa taswirar duniya, wani sabon jihar na Sudan ta Kudu.

4. Low siyasa rubuce-rubuce, na yawan jama'ar, wanda damar "shugabannin siyasa" daga cikin yankuna da su ci gaba da ra'ayin samar da wani sarki jihar.