Wanda ya gano wutar lantarki? Bincike da kuma gano

Yana da wuya a sami wani wanda ba zai zama saba da wutar lantarki. Amma a sami wani wanda ya san tarihin da gano shi, fiye da wuya. Wanda ya gano wutar lantarki? Menene wannan sabon abu?

A kadan game da wutar lantarki

A ra'ayi na "wutar lantarki" na nufin nau'i na motsi na al'amarin, maida hankali ne akan sabon abu na zama da kuma hulda da cajin barbashi. A lokaci bayyana a 1600 daga kalmar "electron", wanda fassara daga Girkanci matsayin "amber". Marubucin wannan ra'ayi - William Gilbert - mutane gano da wutar lantarki a Turai.

Wannan ra'ayi ne da farko ba wani wucin gadi firtsi, wani sabon abu hade da dukiyar da wasu gawawwakin. Saboda haka, tambaya "Wa gano wutar lantarki?" - Amsar ba haka sauki. A yanayi, shi bayyana kanta a cikin nau'i na walƙiya, saboda daban-daban zargin manya da ƙananan yadudduka da yanayi na duniya.

Shi ne wani muhimmin ɓangare na mutane da dabbobi rai, saboda da aikin da juyayi tsarin ne da za'ayi ta hanyar lantarki da hasken dake fitowa. Wasu kifi kamar stingrays da eels samar da wutar lantarki da samar ko halaka abokan gaba. Mutane da yawa shuke-shuke, kamar da Venus flytrap, mimosa pudica, kuma suna iya samar da wutar lantarki jini.

Wanda ya gano wutar lantarki?

Akwai wani zato cewa mutane sun yi karatu da wutar lantarki a Ancient kasar Sin da India. Duk da haka, akwai wani tabbaci daga wannan. More dogara ɗauka cewa gano rikicewar lantarki, Greek masanin kimiyya Thales.

Ya kasance wani shahararren lissafi da falsafa, ya rayu a birnin Militas, game da VI-V karni BC. An yi imani da cewa Thales gano amber dũkiyar jawo kananan abubuwa, kamar wani gashin tsuntsu ko gashi idan ya Rub woolen zane. Babu m amfani ga sabon abu da aka iske ba, kuma ya bar ba tare da hankali.

A 1600, Banasare William Gilbert wallafa aiki a kan Magnetic jikinsu, wanda suke da hujjojin da alaka da yanayin magnetism da wutar lantarki, da kuma samar da abin shaida cewa electrostatically cajin, ban da amber iya zama, da sauran ma'adanai irin su opal, amethyst, lu'u-lu'u, da saffir. Jikin iya electrostatically cajin masanin kimiyya mai lakabin electricians, da dukiya da kanta - wutar lantarki. Shi ne ya yi farko ba da shawara cewa walƙiya ake dangantawa da wutar lantarki.

lantarki gwaje-gwajen

Bayan Gilbert ta gudanar da bincike a wannan yanki sun shagaltar da Jamusanci Magajin Otto von Guericke. Ya, ko da yake, da kuma ya ba wanda ya fara gano wutar lantarki, shi ne har yanzu iya tasiri cikin shakka daga kimiyya tarihi. Otto ya marubucin wani electrostatic inji mai kama da sulfuric kadi ball a kan wani karfe sanda. Tare da wannan sabuwar dabara, mun gano cewa wutan lantarki jikin ba zai iya kawai jawo hankalin, amma kuma hanãwa. Research magajin garin kafa tushen electrostatics.

Wannan ya biyo ta a jerin karatu, ciki har da yin amfani da wani electrostatic na'ura. Steven Gray a 1729 canza Guericke na'ura, ya maye gurbin sulfur ball gilashi, da kuma ci gaba da gwaje gwajen kimiyya, ya gano sabon abu na lantarki watsin. A kadan daga baya Sharl Dyufe detects gaban iri biyu cajin - daga gilashi kuma daga resins.

A 1745 Pieter van Musschenbroek kuma Jurgen von Kleist, dauka cewa ruwa accumulates cajin, ƙirƙirar "Leyden jar" - duniya na farko capacitor. Benjamin Franklin ya bayar da hujjar cewa accumulates da cajin ba ruwa, da kuma gilashin. Ya kuma buga da kalmar "da" da "debe" ga wutar lantarki, "capacitor", "cajin" da "shugaba".

mai binciken

A ƙarshen XVIII karni, da wutar lantarki da ake zama wani tsanani abu na binciken. Yanzu, mayar da hankali a kan nazarin tsauri matakai da kuma hulda da barbashi. A mataki akwai wani lantarki a halin yanzu.

A 1791, Galvani ce kasancewar physiological wutar lantarki, wanda yake ba a cikin tsokoki na dabbobi. Ya aka bi ta Alessandro Volta ƙirƙira da electrochemical cell - voltaic tari. Ya na farko tushen kai tsaye halin yanzu. Saboda haka, Volta - masanin kimiyyar wanda ya gano lantarki sake, domin ya firtsi shi ne farkon m da multifunctional yin amfani da wutar lantarki.

A 1802 yana daukan sanya bude wani voltaic baka Vasiliem Petrovym. Antuan Nolle electroscope halittawa ne, kuma ta binciko sakamako na wutar lantarki a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Kuma riga a 1809, da makamantansu, likita Delarue ƙirƙira da Lagwani fitilar.

Next, karatu dangane tsakanin magnetism da wutar lantarki. A bincike aikin Ohm, Lenz, Gauss, Ampere, Joule, Faraday. Last halitta na farko ikon janareta da kuma wani lantarki mota, ya buɗe shari'ar electrolysis da electromagnetic shigar da.

A XX karni, da wutar lantarki da aka ma hannu a gudanar da bincike Maxwell (ka'idar da electromagnetic mamaki), Curie (gano piezoelectricity), Thomson (gano electron), kuma waɗansu da yawa.

ƙarshe

Hakika, ba za mu iya ce yaƙĩni wanda ya gano wutar lantarki a zahiri. Wannan sabon abu wanzu a yanayi, da kuma yana yiwuwa cewa bude shi kafin Thales. Duk da haka, da yawa malaman, kamar William Gilbert, Otto von Guericke, Volta da kuma Galvani, Ohm, Ampere, shakka da gudummawar mu rai a yau.