Wane ne manya, da fādawan da?

Wane ne manya? Wannan babba aji, wanda ya wanzu a Rasha daga 10 zuwa 17 karni. A wurinsu kyakkyawan zarafi aji ne kuma mai girma da kuma takamaiman sarakuna.

Ana zargin da boyars

A matsayi na manya dauki gubar nan da nan bayan da Grand Duke, halarci tare da su a cikin gwamnatin.

Wannan aji ya tsaya fitar a cikin 9th karni, a lokacin da samuwar na zamanin d Rasha jihar. Daga gare su a cikin 10-11 ƙarni kadai akwai sarakuna, da boyars zemstvo. Da farko mun kira maza na Knyazhye, kuma abu na biyu - Gradska dattawa. Shi ne karshen su ne zuriyar tribal aristocracy. A lokacin da a 11th karni Knyazhye maza kyauta ƙasa, suka garwaya da zemstvo boyars, zama guda estate.

Sarakuna, da boyars a cikin harkokin jihar a cikin 12-15 ƙarni

Kamar yadda manya sun vassals na yarima, aikinsu hada da sabis a sojojinsa. Amma da suka yi mai yawa gata: da hakkin ya sami tashi zuwa wani basarake. cikakken iko da kuma mamayar a cikin ƙasa na kakanninsu ƙasashe. ya vassals.

A fragmentation na Rasha, daukan wuri a cikin 12-15 ƙarni, shi ya jagoranci wani weakening na yarima ta ikon. A lokaci guda akwai aka kara tattalin arziki ikon da boyar aji, ci gaban da ta siyasa tasiri.

Alal misali, a cikin ƙasa na Galicia-Volyn sarauta da kuma Novgorod ƙasashe a cikin 13th karni manya dauki lura da harkokin jihar, wanda aka za'ayi a kan abin da ake kira majalisarku. Saboda karfi da tasiri na aji Chernigov, Polotsk-Minsk, Murom-Ryazan sarauta ba da wani iko da yarima ta ikon.

A kishi daga cikin sarakunan da boyars-patrimonial

Don rage rinjayar da boyars-patrimonial sarakuna koma ga servitors boyars da kuma manya.

Lokacin da ya fara daga na biyu rabin na 14th karni ya'yan sarakuna ikon ya fara girma sake, akwai abin da ake kira wasu m boyars. Su umarni ne domin gudanar da rassan da fadar tattalin arzikin.

Wane ne wasu m boyars? Wannan ango, falconer, chashnichy da dai sauransu Har ila yau, suka bi da gwamnoni, da gudanar da wanda yake mai raba ƙasa hakura da wani a kansu, a ciyar.

Samuwar wata Karkasa jihar ya kai ga ƙuntatawa na game da hakkin da boyars, wanda shi ne takaita da ikon yinsa, daga rigakafi, da baƙin ciki, kuma da yarjejeniyoyin da ta ƙarshen 15th karni dama tashi zuwa wani yarima. Social aji matsayi da ya canza.

The rarraba iko a cikin 15-17 ƙarni

Su wane ne boyars tun da 15th karni? Yanzu shi ne mafi girma ga daraja daga cikin servitors na fatherland. A gaban irin wannan take nufi da cewa mutane na iya shiga cikin ayyukan na Boyar Duma, shi ya ba da dama ga zama mafi girma ga daraja dumnyi. Boyars, kamar yadda mai mulkin, yanzu located a kan babban administrative, shari'a da kuma soja posts, ya tsaya a kai na umarni.

Boyars votchinniki, ya ci gaba da tsayayya da gwamnatin kafa Karkasa jihar, hana da yawa zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da kuma siyasa gata. Dukan zanga-zanga da kuma jawabai nan da nan mur. Boyar aristocracy aka buga wuya ta oprichnina Ivan IV.

Da zuwan zuwa kursiyin da Romanovs rarraba ikon daga cikin azuzuwan ya canja da cika fuska. Yanzu, tattalin arziki ƙarfafa servitors boyars da nobility na 17th karni, yayin da da yawa daraja daular tsaya. Yana da ga wadannan dalilai da cewa sannu a hankali ya fara da za a lura da bacewar aji distinctions tsakanin nobility da gentry. Kuma a lokacin da komai a fili da kuma patrimonial ƙasar mulki, bisa ga tsari a 1714, a haɗe, alhãli kuwa sũ, a asirce da ha in manufar "gidan haya". Daga baya, ajalin da aka modified a cikin kalmar "mashaya" ko kuma "Ubangiji."

A 1682 soke localism, kuma yanzu boyars kasa shiga a cikin harkokin jama'a. A farkon da 18th karni, Bitrus I, kuma gaba daya juyawa da lakabi na bafadan.

A rayuwa na boyars da kuma manya

Manyansu da kuma manya na 17th karni a Rasha, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, sun zo tare a daya aji.

Idan muka magana game da rayuwa, sa'an nan sauran kayayyakin gargajiya na lokaci shi za a iya ƙarasa da cewa nobility da boyars 'kadarori da yawa na makamai da kuma azurfa abubuwa, tsada da kayan ado da kuma gida ado. By da 17th karni, da yawa kadarori juya a cikin mulkin gargajiya gidãje, wanda zai iya zama daga 60 zuwa 80 mutane.

Bayyanar da farko gaskiya alatu a lokacin da gidan gona nasa ne 10-11 ƙarni. A hankali, wasu daga cikinsu a cikin shakka daga daban-daban da sake fasalin lalace. The masu gudu daga waliccinsu. Amma wakilan da enterprising aiki, gudanar ya ci gaba da dũkiya da ƙasa ga 16-17 ƙarni aka kewaye da babban ganuwar da kadarori, su juya su a cikin gidãje real.

Janar boyars da kuma manya a cikin 17th karni

A hankali a hankali shigar azzakari cikin farji na Turai model na rayuwa a financially kafaffen Estate ya karfafa damuwa game da sanyin rai. Ta yaya kuma ga fahimta da suke manya da manya? Higher financially kafaffen aji nuna shi a matsayin da za su iya: suka fara bayyana a kan tebur da dama cutlery da napkins, mutum jita-jita da kuma tablecloths. Yanzu kowane memba na iyali yana da wani raba dakin. Musamman arziki daular amfani da jita-jita da earthenware, da kuza, da tagulla.

Wakilai daga sanannun sunaye na lokacin (. Golitsyn, Naryshkin Odoevsky, Morozov, da dai sauransu) ado da babban dutse gidan tare da sabuwar Turai fashion: ganuwar tsada wallpaper, kyãwãwa, da kuma fata. da juna madubin. babban adadin haske kafofin, kamar chandeliers da kuma na ado kyandirori.

Kamar yadda Runduna, tare da fādawan fara dress a Turai iri: sauki tsada yadudduka, free style, kayan ado na zinariya, da azurfa kõre da mai walƙiya, kuma duwatsu masu daraja. Duk da cewa da Turai riguna sun banda maimakon na yau da kullum da ya faru a Rasha na 17th karni, galihu aji a hanyoyi da dama suka fara bi Yammacin fashion yayi.

Wani sabon kashi na rayuwa bayar da boyars da manya ya zama sha'awa. Wasa dara, za kide da sauran nisha ya zama wani ɓangare na rayuwar masu arziki. Sun koma a kan haske karusai da marẽmari, da barorinsa a baya, sa wigs, da kuma mutane suka fara aske fuskarsa.

Burgher Elite rayu tsare. Its wakilan ado a broadcloth dress, furniture da kayayyakinsa kasance ba haka ba tsada. Amma kuma a cikin rayukansu akwai wani so domin ta'aziyya. A cikin dakunan da ka iya ganin zane-zane, agogo, madubai. bako liyafar da aka za'ayi a musamman staterooms.

Manya kokarin kwafa da sarauta da bẽnãye, ba shakka, ba tare da sarauta luster, amma har yanzu. Su qasaita bayyana taga da Mica, furniture sanya na sassaka itace, kyãwãwa a kan benaye.

Su wane ne boyars a Wallachia da Moldavia?

A kan ƙasa na Wallachia da Moldavia da mulkin gargajiya aji aka kafa a cikin 14th karni. Ciki da shi akwai wani mai rarrabuwa. Generic boyars sun masu Bashtin (kadarori), kuma Local - Grant na kadarori. A kan bambance-bambance tsakanin su zama mara kyau a kan lokaci. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na m Romanian boyars na karni na 19th akwai mutane daga manyan 'yan kasuwa da kuma jami'an kasar. A wadannan yankuna, da kawar da boyars matsayin aji kawai ya faru Maris 22, 1945, a wajen aiwatar da agrarian garambawul ga dokar.

The sharuddan "manyansu" da "nobility" a cikin littattafan tarihi

Wane ne manya, da fādawan da? Tabbatar da dalilin da labaru na samar da wani fili da kuma dunkule amsar wannan tambaya.

Manya - wakilai daga wurinsu kyakkyawan zarafi aji cewa ka fito a cikin mulkin gargajiya al'umma.

Boyars - wakilan saman Layer na mulkin gargajiya al'umma, wanda ya wanzu daga 10th to 17th ƙarni a kan ƙasa na Kievan Rus, Moscow sarauta, Bulgarian, Harshen Maldavian sarauta, Wallachia, daga XIV karni a Romania.