Anatomy - Mene ne cewa kimiyya? History of Anatomy

Biology - daya daga cikin mafi m da kuma manyan-sikelin kimiyya a cikin zamani duniya. Yana hada da wani yawan daban-daban sciences da kuma sassan, kowanne daga abin da hulda da nazarin wasu sunadaran dake rayayyun da kuma tsarin da harshen damo, tsari da kwayoyin tsarin, da sauransu.

Daya daga cikin wadannan sciences ne daidai da ban sha'awa da kuma sosai haihuwa, amma har yanzu da ainihin kimiyya na ilmin jikin mutum.

cewa nazarin

Anatomy - da kimiyya da karatu da ciki tsarin da morphological halaye na jikin mutum da kuma cigaban dan Adam a cikin shakka daga phylogeny, yanayin halitta na juya da anthropogenesis.

A batu na nazarin ilmin jikin mutum shi ne:

• da siffar jikin mutum, da dukan gabobin.
• tsarin mutum gabobin da jiki;
• asalin da mutane;
• ci gaban kowane mutum kwayoyin (yanayin halitta na juya).

The abu na wannan kimiyya ne wani mutum da dukan samuwa waje da ciki fasali na tsarin.

Tiyata a matsayin kimiyya da kanta ya ci gaba na dogon lokaci, a matsayin sha'awa a cikin tsari da kuma aiki na kayan ciki aka muhimmanci ga mutum ko da yaushe. Duk da haka, da zamani haltta hada da wani yawan related yankunan da ilmin halitta, wanda aka hankali hade da shi, kuma suna dauke su kullum hadaddun. Waɗannan su ne wuraren da Anatomy, kamar:

1. -Din-din na ilimin tiyata.
2. Topographical ko m.
3. Dynamic.
4. Roba.
5. Age.
6. Kwatanta.
7. Pathological.
8. Clinical.

Saboda haka, mutum ilmin jikin mutum - da kimiyya da karatu kome cewa ko ta yaya zo zuwa jikin mutum tsarin da kuma physiological tafiyar matakai. Bugu da kari, wannan kimiyya ne a hankali alaka da interacts da irin wannan juya-kashe daga shi kuma sun zama m sciences, kamar:

• Anthropology - rukunan mutumin kamar yadda irin wannan, matsayinsa a cikin tsarin da kwayoyin duniya da kuma hulda da jama'a da kuma muhalli. Zamantakewa da kuma nazarin halittu halaye na mutum, sani, psyche, hali, hali.
• Physiology - da kimiyya na duk matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin jikin mutum (cikin sunadaran da barci da kuma wakefulness, braking da kuma tuki, jijiyar da kuma rike da su, juyayi da kuma humoral tsari, da sauransu).
• Comparative Anatomy - kulla tare da nazarin tayi ci gaba da kuma tsarin da daban-daban gabobin da su tsarin, yayin da gwama tãyuna dabbobi daban-daban azuzuwan na canza matsayin da.
• Ka'idar juyin halitta - rukunan da asalin da kuma ci gaban mutum daga lokacin bayyanar da duniya da ba rana (phylogeny), kazalika da bayyana dayantakan na dukan biomass na duniya tamu.
• Auren - nazarin adam kwayoyin code, ajiya sunadaran da canja wurin da kwayoyin bayanai daga tsara zuwa tsara.

A sakamakon haka, mun ga cewa mutum ilmin jikin mutum - shi ne mai gaba daya jitu hadaddun hade da yawa kimiyyar. Mun gode wa aikin mutane san da yawa game da jikin mutum da kuma duk da sunadaran.

History of Anatomy

Yana sami saiwoyinsa haltta a zamanin da. Bayan duk, daga bayyanar mutum yana sha'awar ya san abin da ke cikin shi ya sa, idan wata cũta, bleeds, abin da shi ne, me ya sa mutum numfasawa, barci, ya ci. Duk wadannan tambayoyi na tsohon mai fatalwa da yawa yan-adam suna tseren.

Duk da haka, su amsoshin bai zo nan da nan. Sai da na ɗauki fiye da karni tara Yã isa zama yawan msar tambayar da m ilmi da bayar da cikakken da cikakken mayar da martani ga mafi tambayoyi game da jikin mutum.

History of Anatomy aka yanaye raba uku main lokaci:

• Anatomy, a tarihin duniya.
• Anatomy of tsakiyar zamanai.
• sabon lokaci.

Bari mu bincika kowane mataki a cikin daki-daki.

tsufa

Peoples wanda ya zama cikin wadanda suka kafa kimiyya na Anatomy, da farko mutane suke da sha'awar, da kuma bayyana tsarin da kayan ciki - shi ne zamanin d Girkawa, Romawa, Masarawa da na Farisa. Wakilai daga wadannan al'ummun ba Yunƙurin zuwa haltta a matsayin kimiyya, kamanta Anatomy da kuma embryology da juyin halitta, da kuma tunani. A kusa look at gudunmawar a cikin wani nau'i na tebur.

Middle Ages

Wannan lokaci ne halin da rushewa da kuma dakushe ci gaban da wani abin da na Kimiyya, kazalika da mamayar da Church, wanda ya haramta dissection, da bincike da kuma nazarin ilimin halittàr jiki da dabbobi, an dauke zunubi. Saboda haka, gagarumin canje-canje da binciken a wannan lokaci ba a yi.

Amma da Renaissance, a daya hannun, ya ba da yawa impetus zuwa zamani magani da kuma ilmin jikin mutum. Babban taimako sanya ta uku masana kimiyya:

1. Leonardo Vinci. Yana iya a yi la'akari da kafa roba ilmin jikin mutum. Amfani da su m talanti domin amfanin Anatomy, ya halitta fiye da 700 zane, daidai suke nuna tsokoki na kwarangwal. jikuna da su topography haltta nuna su a fili, kuma daidai. Don aiki yin wani autopsy.
2. Yakov Silvius. Malam na da yawa anatomists ya wayewar. Ya bude wani kwarin kunya a cikin kwakwalwa tsarin.
3. Andeas Vesalius. A sosai talented likita, da dama shekaru kishin nazarin ilmin jikin mutum. Ya lura aka za'ayi a kan tushen da autopsy, da yawa daga cikin ƙasusuwansa samu a hurumi na tattara kayan. Ransa ta aiki - bakwai-girma littafin, "A tsarin da jikin mutum." Ayyukansa sun sa 'yan adawa tsakanin talakawa, kamar yadda a cikin fahimtar ilmin jikin mutum - shi ne mai kimiyya, wanda ya kamata a yi karatu a yi. Wannan ya saba wa ayyukan Galen, da suke a wancan lokaci shi ne a Premium.
4. Vilyam Garvey. Ya main aiki shi ne rubutun "A ilimin Halittar Jiki nazari na motsi na zuciya da jini a cikin dabbobi." Ya farko ya tabbatar da cewa da jini motsa a cikin wani mugun da'irar tasoshi, daga manyan zuwa kananan ta hanyar kankanin shambura. shi ma nasa ne da farko sanarwa cewa, kõwace dabba tasowa daga wani kwai, da kuma a ci gaba da aiwatar da haka tarihi raya dukan abubuwa masu rai a general (zamani biogenetic dokar).
5. Fallopian, Eustace, Willis, Glisson, Azelli, Peke, Bertolini - sunayen da masana kimiyya na wannan zamanin, wanda ya ba da aiki da cikakken hoto na abin da yake mutum ilmin jikin mutum. Wannan wata muhimmiyar gudummawa, wanda ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa na zamani farko a ci gaba da wannan kimiyya.

sabon lokaci

Wannan lokaci yana nufin XIX - XX ƙarni da kuma halin da yawan da muhimmanci sosai binciken. Dukan su za a iya sanya godiya ga sabuwar dabara na da hange. Marcello Malpighi kara da tabbatar da kusan cewa a wani lokaci annabta Harvey - gaban capillaries. Scientist Shymlanskaya tabbatar da cewa aikinsa, kazalika da tabbatar da cyclical ƙulli daga cikin jijiyoyi.

Har ila yau, wani yawan binciken yarda ka bayyana a more daki-daki manufar "haltta". Waɗannan su ne wadannan ayyukan:

• Galvani Luidzhi. Wannan mutum ya yi wani babban taimako ga ci gaban kimiyyar lissafi, kazalika da wutar lantarki a bude. Duk da haka, ya gudanar ganin gaban lantarki hasken dake fitowa a cikin tsokoki na dabbobi. Sai ya wãyi gari kafa electrophysiology.
• Caspar Wolf. Ya karyata ka'idar preformation, jãyayya da cewa duk jikin zama a rage yawan form a cikin jam sel, sa'an nan kawai girma. Ya zama kafa na embryogenesis.
• Louis Pasteur. Bayan shekaru na gwaje-gwajen da tabbatar da wanzuwar kwayoyin. Suka ci gaba da hanyoyin da alurar riga kafi.
• Zhan Batist Lamark. Ya sanya wani babban taimako ga juyin rukunan. Ya farko ba da shawara cewa mutumin, kamar dukan abubuwa masu rai, tasowa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayi.
• Carl Baer. Ya bude jam cell na mace jiki, ya bayyana jam yadudduka , kuma ba Yunƙurin ga ci gaban ilimi game da ontogenesis.
• Charles Darwin. Ya sanya wani babban taimako ga ci gaban ka'idar juyin halitta da kuma bayyana asalin mutum. Ya kuma nuna hadin kai na duk rayuwa a duniya.
• Pies, Mechnikov, Sechenov, Pavlov, Botkin, Ukhtomsky, Burdenko - sunayen Rasha masana kimiyya XIX-XX karni, wanda ya ba da cikakken ra'ayi cewa haltta - shi ne mai kimiyya, wani m, Multi-faceted kuma m. Su aiki ake bukata don magani a yankunan da yawa. Sun kasance cikin sahun gaba na sunadaran da rigakafi, mafi girma m aiki, laka da kuma juyayi tsari, kazalika da yawa daga cikin al'amurran da suka shafi halittar jini. Severtsov shugabanci a fannin Anatomy da aka kafa - juyin ilimin halittar jiki, wanda aka dogara ne a kan tushen da biogenetic dokar (mawallafa - Haeckal, Darwin, Kovalevsky, Baer, Muller).

Ya ci gaba da duk wadannan mutane da kuma dole ne ilmin jikin mutum. Biology - shi ne wani hadadden kimiyya, amma haltta ne mafi tsufa kuma mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu, saboda shi a rinjayar da mafi muhimmanci - adam kiwon lafiya.

Mene ne asibiti haltta

Clinical haltta - wani tsaka-tsaki sashe tsakanin topographic kuma m ilmin jikin mutum. Yana ganin tsarin da janar tambayoyi da wani sashin jiki. Alal misali, a cikin hali na maƙogwaro, likita kafin tiyata wajibi ne a san halin da ake ciki na sashin jiki a cikin jiki, tare da abin da yake da alaka da kuma yadda shi interacts tare da wasu gawawwaki.

Yau, na asibiti haltta ne sosai tartsatsi ne. Za ka iya sau da yawa sami magana Clinical ilimin halittàr jiki da hanci, pharynx, makogwaro, ko wani jiki. Wannan Clinical ilimin tiyata kawai gaya daga abin da aka gyara hada jiki, inda aka located, abin da kan iyakoki, abin da yake da rawa, da sauransu.

Kowane kiwon lafiya gwani kunkuntar profile sani cikakken na asibiti haltta na jiki, a kan wanda ya aikata aiki. Wannan ne key zuwa nasara magani.

haltta

Anatomy - wani sashe na kimiyya da hulda da nazarin mutum ontogenesis. Wannan shi ne, la'akari da duk matakai da bi shi daga lokacin da aka haife kuma tayi mataki har zuwa karshen rayuwa ta sake zagayowar - mutuwa. A wannan yanayin, babban dalilin da shekaru Anatomy da kuma embryology ne gerontology.

The kafa wannan sashe haltta za a iya daukan Karl Bara. Shi ne ya yi farko da shawarar game da mutum cigaban kowace halitta mai rai. Daga baya wannan tsari da aka kira yanayin halitta na juya.

Age haltta samar da haske game da sunadaran da tsufa, wanda yana da muhimmanci ga magani.

kamanta haltta

Comparative tiyata - da kimiyya, wanda babban makasudin a tabbatar da hadin kai na duk rayuwa a duniya. Musamman, wannan binciken da hannu gwama tãyuna daban-daban jinsunan (ba kawai jinsin amma kuma cikin azuzuwan halittun) da kuma katin shaida na kowa alamu a ci gaba.

Comparative Anatomy da kuma Physiology - wannan ne a hankali alaka tsarin, karatu daya na kowa tambaya: yadda za a duba kuma aiki da tãyuna na halittu daban-daban a kwatanta da juna?

mugun jin haltta

Pathological haltta - ne kimiyya horo damu da nazarin pathological tafiyar matakai a Kwayoyin kuma tsokoki na mutum. Wannan ya ba da damar nazarin cututtuka daban-daban, don duba sakamakon da ya kwarara a jiki da kuma, sabili da haka, a sami maganin.

Ɗawainiya pathological haltta wadannan:

• to nazarin Sanadin cututtuka daban-daban a cikin mutane;
• la'akari da sunadaran da su aukuwa da kuma shakka a salon salula matakin.
• gane duk yiwu rikitarwa a pathologies da cuta sakamako embodiments.
• bincika da sunadaran da mutuwa ta cutar.
• bincika dalilai domin ineffectiveness na lura da pathologies.

The kafa wannan horo ne Rudolf Virchow. Wannan shi aka kafa salula ka'idar, magana game da ci gaban da cututtuka a matakin Kwayoyin kuma tsokoki na jikin mutum.

yankin haltta

Topographic haltta - wani kimiyya horo, in ba haka ba kira a matsayin m. Tushensa shi ne da rabuwa da jikin mutum a kan ilimin Halittar Jiki yankunan, kowanne daga abin da yake a cikin wani sashi na jiki: kai da jiki, ko kuma wata gabar jiki.

The main manufofin wannan kimiyya ne:

• da cikakken tsarin da kowane yankin.
• Syntopy jikuna (su tsari dangi zuwa juna).
• connection jikuna tare da fata (golotopiya).
• jinin samar wa kowane daga ilimin Halittar Jiki yankin.
• Lymph kwarara;
• m tsari.
• skeletopy (dangi da kwarangwal).

Duk wadannan matsaloli suna kafa a karkashin ka'idojin: nazarin, shan la'akari cututtuka, pathologies, shekaru da kuma mutum halaye da kwayoyin.