Yahudawa Falsafa Martin Buber: biography, rayuwa, kerawa da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Martin Buber - babban Yahudawa humanist da kuma Falsafa, kazalika da sanannun jama'a da kuma addini adadi. Wannan hali ne shubuha, yana da matukar wuya. Wasu masu bincike la'akari da shi a sharhi, wanda ya kafa Zionism. Wasu kira rayuwan falsafa na farko girma. Wanda aka zahiri Martin (Mordechai) Buber? Tarihinsa da kuma babban ayyukansu za a keɓe wa mu labarin.

Hadishi rayu dogon, amma matalauta waje rayuwa events. Amma, duk da haka, ya kasance da batun da yawa sada ayyukan ƙwarai, kuma karatu. Buber sunan ne duniya shahara. Ya yi aiki a fannoni daban daban na al'adu. Damuwa ba kawai falsafar samuwar dan'adam, amma kuma ilimi, fasaha, da ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a, siyasa, addini (musamman Littafi Mai-Tsarki Nazarin). Aikinsa a kan Hasidism fassara a cikin harsuna da yawa. Amma da Rasha karatu yana samuwa ne ba sosai ga ayyukan Falsafa. amma sun aka canjawa wuri zuwa "Yahudawa art", "Yahudawa Sabunta" da kuma yawan articles. A cikin seventies da suka gabãtar da musamman kudi. Buber ta ayyukan da aka sake buga shi da kuma isa tsakanin m Soviet jama'a a samizdat.

Biography Martina Bubera. Ƙananan yara da kuma matasa

Mordechai aka haife (Martin) Buber a Vienna a kan Fabrairu 8, 1878 a wani fairly m Yahudawa iyali. Yaron da aka ba har shekara uku da haihuwa, da mahaifansa biyu saki. The mahaifin ya ɗauki ɗansa zuwa Lemberg (yau Lviv, Ukraine), wanda ya sa'an nan ɓangare na Austro-Hungarian Empire. Wannan birni shi ne gida da kakaninku a kan mahaifinsa gefen na Martin - Sulemanu kuma Adele. Sulemanu Buber (ya rasu a shekarar 1906) ya kasance mawadãci banki. Amma ya ya shahara a cikin Lviv da aka ba shi, da kuma cewa shi mai tsananin haske gwani a cikin matani midrash. Kuma haka wani babban iko a Hasidic al'umma a Lviv. Kakan da yaron shuka da soyayya na Hebrew harshe. Ya zahiri bude kofofin ta a cikin zuciya na m da m duniyar Hasidism - addini motsi da cewa fito a cikin tsakiyar karni na sha takwas daga cikin Yahudawa na Gabashin Turai. Kaka karanta yaro excerpts daga Kabbalah, kuma kakansa sanar da shi Hebrew, shuka a soyayya na adabi da kuma addini.

Hasidism da falsafar tattaunawa Martin Buber

A Lviv gaba Falsafa koya game da "taƙawa" Yahudanci. The kafa Hasidism, Isra'ila Ba'al Shem Tov, ya yi ĩmãni cewa bangaskiya ta gaske shi ne ba a cikin koyarwar da Talmud, da kuma a cikin abin da aka makala don Allah da dukan zuciyarka, ranka ecstatic sufi fitarwa na disembodied zafi da kuma m salla. Wannan addini bugu zuwa ɗaguwar ruhaniya faru hakkin tattaunawa tare da Mahaliccin halittu. Saboda haka, Hasidim ana motsi daga waje hana haramci na Yahudanci. Lalle ne waɗanda suka kullum na Magana da Allah, tsadiks suna da ikon Annabci da clairvoyance. Wadannan taƙawa mutane taimaka da sauran Hasidim kunnuwa ceto da kuma tsarkakewa daga zunubi. Wannan duka m da kuma sufi duniya na sosai rinjayi matasa Martin Buber. A cikin littafinsa, "My hanya zuwa Hasidism" Ya ce, da a wani lokaci gane dalilin duka mutum addinai. Wannan sadarwa, tattaunawa tare da Allah, da dangantakar dake tsakanin Na kuma Kanã.

Ilimi. matashi shekaru

Kakan banki ya tabbata cewa ya jikan wani m ilimi. A goma sha takwas, Martin Buber shiga cikin koyarwa na Jami'ar birnin Vienna. Bayan kammala karatu, ya ci gaba da ilimi a manyan makarantu a Zurich da Leipzig. A Jami'ar Berlin ya malamai sun Dilthey da Georg Simmel. A shekaru ashirin da, saurayin ya zama interested in Zionism. Ya kasance ko da wani wakili ta uku Congress of Yahudawa motsi. A sha tara ɗari da farko shekarar aiki a matsayin haramtacciyar edita na mako-mako "De Welt". Lokacin da jam'iyyar raba, Buber, waɗanda suka zauna a wancan lokacin, a birnin Berlin, kafa nasa bugu gidan da ake kira "Yudisher Verlag". Yana fito da wani littattafan Yahudawa da a Jamus. Kada ka bari har matasan sha'awa cikin Hasidism al'amurran da suka shafi. Ya juya shi zuwa Jamus a jerin labaru da misalai na Rabbi Nachman na Bratslav. Daga baya aiki duqufar Hasidism "Yãjũja da Majũja" (1941), "The Light na boye" (1943) da kuma "Pardes ha hasidut". Buber biya mai yawa da hankali da kuma zamantakewa.

Zionism da gurguzanci

A 1916, Martin Buber ya zama editan a manyan wata-wata "Der Jude". Wannan ɗaba'ar ya zama Kakaki, na Yahudawa ruhaniya Tarurrukan. Ya kafa majalisar Yahudawa kwamitin, wanda a farkon na farko World wakilci bukatun na Eastern Turai Yishuv. Kuma a karshe, a 1920, da Falsafa tsara zamantakewa matsayi. Ya yi kira a gare su a Prague Zionist Congress. Wannan matsayi ne irin wannan a cikin sauti zuwa aji don gurguzanci. Game da kasa tambaya, Buber ayyana "zaman lafiya da kuma 'yan'uwantaka da Larabawa mutane," na kira da'a hadakai da kasashe yi cu] anya da juna "a kan wani sabon kowa mahaifarsa." Matsayi na - Kai, zance inda kowane gefe iya ji da kuma fahimta da "gaskiya" da sauran, kafa tushen da falsafar da zurfin tunani.

Yakin duniya na II, kuma daga baya shekaru

A lokacin tsakanin biyu yaƙe-yaƙe, Buber yi aiki a Jami'ar Frankfurt. Ya yi aiki a matsayin wani farfesa a sashen na xa'a da falsafar Yahudanci. Lokacin da ikon a cikin talatin da uku ya zo da National Socialists, da Falsafa rasa aikinsa. Ba da da ewa, ya aka tilasta musu gudu daga Jamus zuwa Switzerland. Amma daga baya ya yi hijira zuwa da kuma daga abin da ƙasa ga zama tsaka tsaki a cikin yakin duniya na biyu. Martin Buber, wanda ya riwaito da zaman lafiya tsakanin Yahudawa da Palasdinawa, alas, sun "murya kira a jeji", ya koma Urushalima. A wannan birnin mai tsarki da kuma Falsafa ya rayu daga 1938 zuwa 1965. Ya mutu Yuni 13 a cikin shekaru tamanin da bakwai. A Isra'ila, Buber yi aiki a matsayin wani farfesa a sashen nazarin zamantakewar al'umma, a Jami'ar Urushalima. A farkon sittin, ya samu lakabi na girmamawa da shugaban kasar na farko da Isra'ila Academy of Sciences.

Anthropological tsarin kula da falsafar Martin Buber

Duk da yake har yanzu a dalibi, Falsafa vividly halarci Nietzschean matasa tattaunawa. Rukunan shugaba da kuma jama'a, "karamin mutum" da aka unacceptable masa. Duk da haka, ya lura cewa, Nietzsche kokarin sa a gaba wajen matsalar na musamman samuwar dan'adam a duniya inda "Allah ki yarda mutane a wurinSa." Duk da haka, shi ya kamata a magance kan darajar kowane mutum, ya zaci Martin Buber. "Matsalar mutumin" - shi ne da farko a polemical aiki a wanda wani masanin kimiyya na sukar Nietzsche postulates. "The nufin iko" ba zai iya, a cikin ra'ayi, bauta a matsayin sunã shiryarwa haske ga karfi mutane da free ruhohi. Wannan dabarar za kawai kai ga mafi mulkin kama karya. A Nietzsche ta tattaunawa, kazalika da a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Dilthey da Ziemer, ya malamai, a Buber ta balaga nasa ra'ayi na Anthropology.

Martin Buber, "Kai da ni": summary

Wannan aiki, ba shakka, za a iya kira da babban falsafa ayyukan da zurfin tunani. Yana Buber yana sanya a kan daban-daban Sikeli aboki "I - Yana" da "I - Ka". Kawai a karshen harka, da zai yiwu tattaunawa, interpersonal sadarwar da rai. Lokacin da wani mutum yana nufin wani abu, ko kuma wani a matsayin "shi" ya jũya a utilitarian amfani. Amma wani mutum - yana da ba a wajen da kuma wata manufa. Dangane da wani kamar yadda a "Ka" yana ba da ɗan takara a tattaunawa na ruhaniya, m yanayi. Bronis³aw Malinowski gabatar Kalmar "mana" da ilimin falsafa yawa. Wannan shi ne wani Polynesian kalma daidai nuna ji doreligioznogo m, jin ganuwa karfi cewa daukawa mai mutum, dabba, wata itãciya, har ma da sabon abu na magana. A cewar Buber, wadannan nau'o'i guda biyu na dangantaka ba Yunƙurin zuwa adawa Concepts na duniya. Hakika, da mutum iske shi wuya a zama kullum a Jihar "I - Ka". Amma da daya da cewa ko da yaushe yana nufin da waje duniya kamar yadda "shi" hasarar da rai.

addini

Wani muhimman hakkokin aikin, wanda ya rubuta Martin Buber - "Biyu images bangaskiya." A cikin wannan littafin, da Falsafa tuna min da yara irin abubuwan da ya shiga duniya na abõkin, kadan son sha'awa na Hasidism. Ya bambanta da Talmudic Yahudanci. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu a rarrabe tsakanin biyu na asali kusance su zuwa ga ĩmãni. Da farko, pistis - wani m "Greek" m. A wannan yanayi, addini - dauka la'akari bayanai. Yana iya kira ilimi ko "binciken kimiyya bane". Irin wannan bangaskiya "Pistis" resists "bangaskiya". Yana dogara ne a kan dõgara, zaune soyayya, game da Allah a matsayin "Ka." Buber ya bi sawun yadda farkon Kiristanci hankali tafi daga Littafi Mai Tsarki ruhu hade da zuciya, ma'ana-ji na cikin sama, zuwa ga Ikilisiyar akidarsu da ta matattu sa shaci.

Sufi

A cikin jami'o'i na Zurich da kuma Vienna, Martin Buber, wanda falsafa ne mafi karkata zuwa rayuwa, psychoanalysis sauraron darussa. Yana da sha'awa a cikin mutuntakar ɗan adam, a dukan fannoni. Ideas Sufi masanin kimiyya gani ba a matsayin shafi tunanin mutum Pathology. A topic na doctoral rubutun wani m nazarin falsafar Meister Eckhart da Yakoba Bome. Wadannan Jamus Sufi marigayi tsakiyar zamanai da babban tasiri a kan Buber. A matsayin dalibi na Dilthey, Falsafa kokarin samun amfani da addini da kwarewa na tozarta Dominican Eckhart. Domin duk hajji na tuba da azumi, da dukan abin da enforces orthodoxy, shi ne na wani darajar idan daya ba ya nemi tarayya da Allah. Boehme kuma ikirarin cewa dokokin dole ne a ciki da za a rubuta a cikin alluna daga cikin zuciya, da kuma ba za a waje kamar yadda akidun.

«Chassidic Legends»

Abõkin Trend in Yahudanci - shi ne mai so, to wanda karshen rayuwa gravitated Martin Buber. Books of Hassidism wannan marubucin da aka fassara a cikin harsuna da yawa. A cikinsu, ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyanãwa addini kamar yadda tattaunawa tare da Allah, a matsayin mai rai dõgara a Mahalicci. A karshe aiki shi ne "Chassidic al'ada." A Rasha harshen da aka fassara kawai karo na farko da ƙarfi. A cikin wannan littafin, Buber Hasidism ba sabon hoton - a wallafe-wallafen salo. Allah da aka yi wahayi ta hanyar jerin amincewa ya gaya labarin. Kawai a cikin wannan hanya, bisa ga Martin Buber, da yiwuwar kafa tattaunawa gada tsakanin mutum da kuma "sacrum", tsakanin "I" da "ka." Wannan dabarar an soki Gershom Scholem, ya kafa na ilimi nazarin sufi da motsi a cikin Yahudanci. Ya yi imani da cewa Buber watsi da falsafa gãdon Hasidism.