Yanina Vezaly da kuma taimakonsa da magani

Yanina Vezaly - kafa kimiyya ilmin jikin mutum. Mai girma littafin De humini corporus na'urorin, kafa a 1543, ya zama na farko da cikakken kwatanta ilimin halittàr jiki da jikin mutum. Yana da aka bisa ga lura da masana kimiyya, da ya yi a bude, kuma suka ƙaryata game da yawa shekaru dubbai na kuskure a cikin wannan yanki na gwaninta. Yanina Vezaly - wani masanin Renaissance. Ya kasance wani farfesa a fannin Anatomy, a Jami'ar PADUA da kuma wani likita na Ruhu Mai Roman Sarkin sarakuna Charles V.

Yanina Vezaly: a takaice biography

Vesalius aka haife a ranar 31 ga Disamba shekarar 1514 a birnin Brussels. A wannan lokacin, da birnin na daga Mai Tsarki Roman Empire. A yau shi ne babban birnin kasar Belgium. Andrew yana daya daga hudu yara - yana da 'yan'uwa biyu kuma yana da' yar'uwa. Mahaifinsa, Anders Van Wesel, ya kotun apothecary a Margaret na Austria. Mother, Isabel Crabbe, kiwon yara a wani m gidan, located in wani mutum nagari unguwa a kusa da fadar Koudenberg, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin yaron baba.

Vesalius ya tafi makaranta a cikin shekaru shida. Kila, shi ne makaranta na Katolika fraternity a Brussels. Domin 9 shekaru da ya ƙware ilmin lissafi, Latin da sauran harsuna, kazalika da sosai karatu da ka'idodin Katolika addini. Mahaifinsa sau da yawa ba a nan a kan taƙawa. Kuma yaro, karfafa ta mahaifiyarsa dauki shugaban Kirista na ƙafa, da cikakken amfani da wata rijiya-babbaka library na iyali.

kwaleji

A shekaru 15, Andrey Vezaly tafi zuwa ga University of Louvain. Yana da aka located da nisan kilomita 30 a gabas da birnin Brussels. Shi ne mai lokaci na iyali girman kai: ubansa da aka haramta samu a mafi girma ilimi, tun lokacin ba a haife shi a cikin wani aure. To, ta yaya aka yi Vesalius karatu art da kuma Latin. Ya kuma ƙware da Ibrananci da kuma Helenanci. Bayan samun Master of Arts a 1532, sai aka shigar da shi a babbar likita makaranta a Jami'ar Paris.

Paris Medical School

Yanina Vezaly ya fara likita karatu a 1533, yana da shekaru 19 da shekaru. Babban tasiri a kan aikin na talented dalibai da tsoho Greek likita Klavdiya Galena, rubuta shekara 1300 kafin ya sadu da su. Wadannan koyarwar an dauke cikakkar da cikakken gaskiya. Mafi yawa daga cikin ilimin Halittar Jiki lura da Galen da aka sanya a bude na dabbobi, yafi mannyan birai, kamar yadda aka ba a yarda a lokacin to dissect mutane.

Yanina Vezaly matsayin anatomist gare yawa wa malami ne na ilimin tiyata Guinteru Johann von Andernach, wanda ya fassara da tsoho Greek matani a cikin Latin Galen. Kamar tsoho Greek likita, ya dauke da wani sirri gwaninta da kuma kallo na hanya mafi kyau don samun ilimin Halittar Jiki ilmi. Mai mutum autopsies yayin gudanar kawai don dalili don tabbatar dalibai cewa duk rubuce ta Galen da Hippocrates shi ne gaskiya.

A lokacin wata zanga-zanga da hankula a yanka ko wani likita don sa dole cuts da kuma malamin da zaune high sama da jiki, na karanta fitar da dacewa nassoshi daga zamanin d aiki da ƙarfi. Mataimakin taimaka dalibai, nuna gawawwakin tattauna. Tun a zamanin d texts ba zai iya ƙunsar wani kurakurai, dalibai da aka ba a yarda a yi tambayoyi ko tattauna da dissection. Academic rigingimu yawanci aikata da daidai translation na zamanin d ayyukansu, ba ilmin jikin mutum.

Guinter von Andernach wani rare irin malami a waɗannan kwanaki. Ya yarda ya dalibai zuwa dissect kansa. Ko da yake wannan aiki yana Allah wadai da mafi jami'o'i. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi za'ayi autopsy na kashe laifi kuma aka dauke wulãkantãwa ga ilimi mutane za a magance wadannan qin jini samfurori.

Talents Vesalius Guintera haka burge cewa ya tambaye shi ya taimaka da wani littafi kan fannin Anatomy galenovo Institutiones anatomicae. A aikin da aka buga a 1536. Yana Guinter yaba wa mai shekaru 21 da haihuwa dalibi: "Wannan shi ne mai alamar saurayi yana da wani fitaccen mai ilimin magani, ne m, a Latin kuma Helenanci da aka sosai dandana a cikin ilmin jikin mutum."

Louvain Medical School

Yanina Vezaly aka tilasta su bar Paris a 1536, kamar yadda tsakanin Faransa da kuma Ruhu Mai Roman Empire, yaki ya barke. ya koma zuwa University of Louvain don kammala da likita da karatu. Ya kwarewa a fannin Anatomy aka sauri gane. Ba da da ewa Vesalius aka umurce ka tsayar da kuma sharhi a kan autopsy, ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani 18-shekara noblewoman. Anatomy of mata matasa a lokacin da aka a rarity. Vesalius aka outraged da likita ta inexperience kuma dauki kan autopsy.

Duk da m sani na girma kwarewa, har yanzu ya kasance ba farin ciki tare da sanin mutum ilmin jikin mutum. Vesalius ya gane cewa matani fiye da wani abu da shi ba za su iya koyar. Yanzu, Andrew ya rushe shingen to ilimi gina ta da wani tsohon farfesan magani, da suke farin ciki da in bauta wa Galen da Hippocrates. Domin bincike ya bukaci jikin mutum.

Jim kadan bayan dawowarsa zuwa Louvain Andrey Vezaly da abokinsa samu a kusan cikakken jikin wani hukuncin kisa laifi, bar a bude. Gabatar da wata dama da aka ma mai kyau zuwa bar shi zamewa bãya. Wannan dare Vesalius snuck ga jiki, sace da kuma dissected shi, sa shi a kwarangwal, to, wanda aka yi amfani da matsayin na gani agaji. Domin ba su janye tuhuma, ya zo sama da labarin cewa kawo shi daga Paris. Ta hanyar zanga-zanga autopsy ga dalibai, Vesalius a Louvain ya zama zahiri shine na yau da kullum lecturer a ilmin jikin mutum. A 1537, a shekaru 22, ya samu wani digiri na farko a cikin filin na magani.

Yanina Vezaly: biography na kimiyyar

The matasa medic so ya zama likita. Don yin wannan, ya bukaci samun da ake bukata, cancantar. A karshen cewa, ya sa suna a Jami'ar PADUA a arewacin Italiya. Furofesoshi da sauri gane cewa Vesalius ya kwarai dalibi. Kusan nan da nan, suka yarda da shi ya auku ga karshe jarrabawa. A hazaka saurayi kawai a lokaci domin ta ashirin da uku da ranar haihuwa samu doctorate. Malamai nan da nan zãɓe shi, a matsayin wani farfesa na ilimin tiyata da tiyata.

Yanina Vezaly ta babban ayyukansu rubuta a PADUA. Ya ya sa samun abinci sane da bukatar graphics da na gani AIDS da zai iya taimaka dalibai fahimtar ilmin jikin mutum. Vesalius amfani da su a lokacin autopsy. A cikin shekarar da ya professorship, a 1538-m, ya buga Tabulae anatomicae jima'i - «shida ilimin Halittar Jiki Tables." Kayayyakin misalai suna tare da bayanin kula da aka yi a lokacin da ya fara jama'a bude a PADUA Andrey Vezaly. Taimako ga haltta na masanin kimiyya ne undeniable. Yana da aka diagrammatic ra'ayoyi hanta, jijiya da kuma venous tsarin, da kuma kwarangwal. A littafin nan da nan ya zama Popular. Yana da jin kunya kofe.

A 1539, Vesalius ta ilimin Halittar Jiki nazarin da aka goyan bayan da mahukunta na PADUA. Ya zama sha'awar aikin masana kimiyya ya fara samar da shi tare da gawarwakin kashe laifi ga dissection. A wannan lokaci, Vesalius ya zama na fili da cewa ilimin halittàr jiki da Galen da aka ba daidai ba. Duk da haka, shi babban mai sukar ideas - yana da wuya da kuma wani lokacin hatsari. Ko da a cikin mafi kwanan nan sau ma sau da yawa, da sabon tunani da don yin yaki domin ta hakkin ya wanzu, ko da idan suna da goyon baya da karfi da shaida. Vesalius ma yana da su ɓãta Orthodox ra'ayoyi cewa rinjãya gare 1,300 shekaru.

A "Shida ilimin Halittar Jiki Tables" maimakon ya bayyana su lura a cikin shakka daga zamani bincike, masana kimiyya suka tafi a kan hadisin asasshe. Yanina Vezaly gabatar da hanta a wani na da tsari - a cikin wani nau'i na quintuple flower. Ya bayyana ne da zuciya da kuma lakã kamar yadda aka bayyana da Galen su - Waɗannan su gawawwakin birai, ba mutane. Duk da haka, a cikin kwarangwal ya ya iya sarrafa neman sauyi, ko da yake da dabara canje-canje. Vezaliy nuna mutum muƙamuƙi, kunsha na daya, maimakon biyu ƙashi, yadda da'awar Galen kuskure.

Harafi a bloodletting

Bugu da kari, da mini-tawaye Vesalius kuma dauki bangare a cikin muhawara game da venostomy ko bloodletting. Wannan dabara ne routinely amfani da su bi, ko ya rage bayyanar cututtuka marasa lafiya. Doctors gardama game da inda ya sa incision jannayẽnsa - kusa da shafin na rauni ko a nesa daga gare shi. The muhawara flared up saboda likitoci sun dogara da wani Larabci fassarar ayyukan Galen - da asali ayyuka a Greek ba samuwa a Turai tun Roman sau. Duk da haka, da fall na Konstantinoful canza halin da ake ciki. Kuma sake aikin Galen za a iya karatu a cikin na asali. Likitoci sun gano cewa, da Girkanci rubutu ne, wani lokacin a rashin daidaito da Larabci translation, wanda suka ji daɗi ga haka dogon.

A 1539, a shekaru 24, Vesalius rubuta wata wasika daga bloodletting. Ba aiki a gefen wani sauyi canje-canje, ya sake keta kullum yarda yi, don magana game da nasu lura maimakon ya rawaito classic texts. Vesalius yanzu m ga neman gaskiya a kan nasu, maimakon dogaro a kan aikin na wasu.

Ana zargin wani sabon haltta

A 1540, a shekaru 25, Andrey Vezaly ya fara aiki a wani zane littafi haltta De humini corporus na'urorin ( «A tsarin da jikin mutum"). Wannan littafin ne ya fi muhimmanci aiki. A 1543-m Vesalius ya dauki wani sabbatical a Jami'ar na PADUA. Ya tafi Basel, Switzerland, don kammala shiri na littafin ga ɗaba'ar.

"A tsarin da jikin mutum" ya mai ban sha'awa aiki girma na 700 pages a bakwai kundin. Its gani tasiri - fiye da 270 m misalai - shi ne babbar. A karo na biyu girma, msl, gabatar da mãmãki cikakken images of mutane a cikin jerin misalai nuna Layer-da-Layer tsoka halitta na jiki. Wadannan alkaluma yiwuwa zama mafi shahara a cikin tarihin aikin likita images.

Yana da wuya a overestimate da muhimmancin da littafi, wanda aka rubuta da Andrey Vezaly. Taimako zuwa ga magani yana da nauyi ƙwarai. Bugu da kari, cikin samfurin ne wani muhimmin milestone a cikin tarihi na art. Abin baƙin ciki, da sunan artist, wanda ya yi aiki tare da masanin kimiyyar, ya kasance ba a sani ba. Hotunan aka tare da wani bayanin da tsokoki.

Ba abin mamaki ba cewa, ba a cikin dũkiyar misalai da kuma manyan girma, littafin da aka mai tsada saya. Yana da aka yi nufi ga likitoci, dakunan karatu da kuma aristocrats. Farga da cewa wasu na iya zama sha'awar a cikin aikinsa, marubucin saki lokaci guda m, mafi m littafin tare da m zane kira misalta. Yanina Vezaly a cikin "misalta" na misalai amfani ga mai yawa fiye da namiji gawarwakin fiye da mata, tabbas saboda namiji na kashe laifi sun fi yawa da mace.

Na'urorin zama kafa na kimiyyar zamani na mutum ilmin jikin mutum. Yana decisively m tare da Galen da Hippocrates. Yanina Vezaly bude ta tushen kawai a kan abin da aka zahiri gani a autopsy, kuma ba a kan abin da ake sa ran. Ga wasu daga cikin kalamai:

• A tushe na zuciya ba su da ƙasũsuwa. Ta bayanin Galen zahiri tana nufin guringuntsi a tushe na zuciya barewa da sauran dabbobi, wanda ƙarfafa matsayin dabba na tsufa.
• A sternum kunshi uku maimakon kashi bakwai kamar da'awar Galen, bisa autopsy birai.
• A septum na zuciya ba porous. A cikinsa akwai wani ramukan.
• Vena Vienna fara a cikin zuciya, kuma ba a cikin hanta kamar da'awar Galen.
• Babu irin wannan jiki a matsayin rete mirabile - «banmamaki plexus" ciki arteries, wanda ake zargin ya jagoranci daga zuciya zuwa kwakwalwa.
• Maza da kuma mata da wani daidai yawan hakarkarinsa. Da wakilan da karfi jima'i ba a rasa hakarkarinsa, kamar yadda aka saba yi ĩmãni.
• Maza da kuma mata da wannan adadin hakora. Galen kuma da'awar cewa tsohon ne mafi.

Mai karatu na littafin da aka hadu gaskiya ma. Shi ya zama tunani a cikin tsanani anatomists da kuma likitoci. Duk da haka, wasu likitoci da masana kimiyya ji barazanar saboda su sun gina sana'arsu a kan aikin na Galen, kuma Vesalius farmaki.

Alal misali, Yakob Silvy, wanda ya sanar da Andrew a Paris, ya bayyana tsohon dalibi kamar yadda girman kai, kuma m calumniator wanda amana farmaki malaminsa da wani m ƙarya, kan kuma a sake dõmin karkatarwa da gaskiya yanayi. Cewa wannan, ya iya samun haka rama ya almajiri, wanda ya baya ya bayyana cewa, hanyoyin koyarwa Sylvia, shi ne, don su bincika gawawwakin bala'in maimakon mutane da suke ba su iya kai wa ga ci gaba a kimiyya da mutum ilmin jikin mutum.

Yanina Vezaly 'A tsarin da jikin mutum "sadaukar da Sarkin sarakuna Charles V. Ya kuma ba shi da wani kwafin musamman buga a kan takardar. A misalta Vesalius kishin dan Charles - Prince Philip.

kotun likita

Lokacin da sarki ya ga littafin, wanda marubucin ya Andrey Vezaly, da biography na masanin kimiyyar sanya wata kõmawa - ya aka nada likita na na sarki iyali. Da ya yi murabus a matsayin wani farfesa a PADUA, zama na biyar daular wakilin Vesalius, wanda yake a cikin sabis na kotu. Kamar yadda likita-likita, ya yi hidima a cikin sojojin. Lokacin da yaki ya fara, Vesalius aka aika zuwa fagen fama a matsayin likita. Saba wa aiki tare da gawawwaki, ya yi fama da rike rai da marasa lafiya. An gogaggen likita Daza Chacon taimake shi koyi yadda za a sauri yi wani yanki.

A cikin hunturu 1543, Vesalius zo zuwa Italiya yi a cikin dissecting dakin, sa'an nan a cikin bazara na 1544 da farko koma zuwa soja. Ya zama mai kyau likita. Daya daga cikin ayyuka na kotu Vesalius aka embalmed gawawwakin m manya, wanda ya mutu a fama. Wannan yarda da shi don yin kara ilimin Halittar Jiki bincike, kai rubutu da kuma yin lura.

A tsakiyar 1544 an ayyana duniya. Kuma Andrey Vezaly, likita, koma kula da sarkin da kotu a wata mafi dadi yanayi. Cikin suna ci gaba da girma kamar yadda ya samu haruffa daga likitoci fadin Turai ba da shawara a cikin mafi wuya lokuta.

A 1556, Sarkin sarakuna Charles V mika mulki ga dansa Philip. A godiya, Vesalius, wanda ya jũya 41 years old, domin aminci sabis, Charles bã shi da wani rayuwa fensho da kuma aristocratic lakabi na Count-Palatine. Kotun likita ci gaba da aiki, a yanzu a cikin sabis na Philip.

hajji

Yanina Vezaly tare Philip a Madrid, amma akwai ya ba da jin dadin rayuwa. Spanish likitoci yi wa cuta, dogaro a kan motsi na taurari. Dissection na jikin mutane aka haramta. Shi duka kamar wajen baya. Bugu da kari, Philip yi falala a kansu gargajiya da lafiya, ba na zamani kimiyya. Vesalius ya bayyana cewa ba zai zama shugaban likita na mai mulkin.

A 1561, wani farfesa a fannin Anatomy Gabriele Fallopian, wanda aka gudanar da tsohon wuri na Andrew a University of PADUA, ya aiko shi da wani kwafin wani littafin da ya rubuta kira Observationes Anatomicae. A da shi ya ce, "A cikin tsarin da jikin mutum", wani m nuna wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin aikin Vesalius da kansa daga baya lura. Ya kuma bayyana shi da cewa tsanani da rashin lafiya.

A 1564 Fallopian mutu. Sashen tiyata a PADUA zama wõfintattu. A wannan shekara Vesalius bar Spain, suka tafi a kan aikin hajji a Urushalima. Daban-daban suke dashi kafofin da'awar cewa ya aka aiko da Filibus ya yi aikin hajji a matsayin wata ãyã tuba. Sarkin sarakuna da zato sanya wannan hukunci bayan da daraja iyali da aka gaya a ilimin halittàr jiki da mai neman sauyi a cikin Spanish Inquisition autopsy suka bafadan wanda zuciya ne har yanzu doke.

Duk wadannan rahotanni su ne bisa guda tushen - wata wasika, wai rubuta a 1565 da Hubert jami'in diflomasiyyar splints. Shi ne wata ila don an qirqiro a cikin shekaru 50 bayan mutuwar anatomist. Yanina Vezaly, wanda biography ba a shafe da irin facts (primary takardun gaskatãwa tuhumar da ake yi masa, to babu), tabbas tafi zuwa ga abin zamba tare da aikin hajji a yardar kaina bar Philip kotu a Spain, sa'an nan komawa zuwa PADUA.

Personal rayuwa da mutuwa

A 1544 Vesalius auri 'yar wani mai arziki da shawara a Brussels - Anne Van Hamme. Suna da daya yaro, yarinya, da wanda aka haifa a 1545. Iyaye mata suna Anna. The iyali zauna tare mafi yawan lokaci. Amma lokacin da Vesalius hau kan aikin hajji a Urushalima, da matarsa da 'yar koma zuwa Brussels.

The masanin kimiyya samu zuwa Urushalima, inda ya samu wani gayyatar wasika zuwa ga kujera na ilimin tiyata da tiyata a jami'ar PADUA. Abin baƙin ciki, Andrey Vezaly, a takaice biography wanda aka takaici katse, ba koma zuwa PADUA. Tafiya daga Urushalima aka ɓaci ta m hadari. By lokacin da jirgin ya kai harbor a kan Greek tsibirin Zakynthos, Vesalius ya cike take da lafiya. Ya rasu 'yan kwanaki baya. Yanina Vezaly, wanda ya kafa kimiyya Anatomy, ya mutu yana da shekaru 49 da shekaru. Yana faru Oktoba 15, 1564. Ya aka binne shi a Zakynthos.