Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich: biography, photos da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Sanannun Rasha neman sauyi Zinovev Grigory (rayu 1883-1936) shi ma Soviet dattaku da kuma siyasa adadi. A cewar wasu kafofin, ya real name ya Radomyslsky Ovsey Gershon (Gershon Yevsei) Aronovich. wasu guda kafofin, sunansa shi ne Hirsch (Gersh) Apfelbaum (mahaifiyarsa). Brief biography Grigoriya Zinoveva ya zama batu na mu review.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma Family

Haifi Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (takaice game da mutum za ka koya daga labarin) a 1883, 11 (23) ga watan Satumba a Elisavetgrad (zamani Kropyvnytskyi) Kherson lardin. Tun 1924, ya koma garinsu da shekaru goma da aka mai suna Zinoviev. Mahaifinsa Haruna Radomyslsky, wanda ya mallakar wani kiwo gona, ba shi da wani asali ilimi.

Domin shekaru 14, Zinoviev da aka tilasta yin aiki a matsayin magatakarda da kuma bada darussa, kamar yadda iyalinsa matalauta.

Gregory ta farko da matar wani kwararren neman sauyi Evseevich Ravich Sarra Naumovna, kuma aka sani a karkashin sunan Olga. Ta na daga cikin RSDLP, dan lokaci maye gurbin kwamishinan harkokin na yankin Arewa, ya ya aka akai-akai kama.

Next matar Lilina Zinoviev ya Zlata Ionovna, kuma aka sani a karkashin pseudonym da Zaina Levin. Har ila yau halarci RSDLP yi aiki a Petrograd Soviet, ta hada kai tare da jaridar "Pravda" da "Star". Zinoviev haifi wani dan - Radomyslskogo Stefana Grigorevicha. A cikin shekaru 29, da aka kama da kuma yanke masa hukumcin kisa.

Uku matarsa Radomyslsky zama Evgeniya Yakovlevna Lasman. Ta kashe a cikin zaman gudun hijira da kuma kurkuku domin kusan shekaru 20 na rayuwarsa.

Pre-gwagwarmaya

A shekaru 18 (1901), Zinoviev zama memba na RSDLP da kuma fara shiga a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci motsi. Ya shirya ma'aikata 'buga a New Rasha, wanda ya sa aka tsananta da' yan sanda. Guje wa zalunci a 1902 Radomyslsky tafi Berlin, sa'an nan a cikin shekara ya koma Paris da kuma Bern. A 1903, shi ne akwai abin da ya gana da Lenin, da kuma daga baya yawa kusanta zuwa gare shi, kuma ya fara wakiltar a Turai gurguzu kungiyoyi.

A 1903, Grigory Zinoviev, da photo za ka iya gani a cikin labarin, ya shiga cikin Bolsheviks kuma a II Congress na RSDLP goyon Lenin. A wannan shekara, wani sauyi ya koma zuwa Ukraine, inda ya jagoranci wani aiki farfaganda.

A shekara daga baya, saboda cututtukan zuciya da Radomyslsky sake bar kasar, ya dawo zuwa Berne. Akwai sai ya fara karatu, shiga jami'a a jami'ar a Faculty of Chemistry, amma a shekara daga baya katse karatunsa ya shiga a cikin juyin juya halin (1905-1907). A Rasha, shi da aka jiran membobinsu a cikin St. Petersburg gorkomitete RSDLP. New fadan na rashin lafiya ya tilasta Zinoviev sake je Bern, amma ya yi nazarin a Faculty. A cikin bazara na shekarar 1906 ya koma zuwa St. Petersburg, shi da dama a cikin CC (mafi kuri'u karbi kawai Lenin) da kuma edita farawa aiki a jaridu "Forward" da kuma "Social Democrat" (boye ya bazawa). Domin harkokinsa da dama a karkashin kama a 1908, saboda rashin lafiya kuranye ya tafi zuwa kasar Austria Galicia tare da Lenin a watanni uku.

Akwai Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich, wanda biography ne cike da bala'i, ya karbi domin Bolshevik jam'iyyar manyan kudi ta hanyar da ya shahara mai kasada Parvus. Austria 'yan sanda sun gaskata cewa Zinoviev dauka Faransa m.

juyin juya halin da

A watan Afrilu 1917, Zinoviev tare da matarsa ta biyu Zlata Lili, da dan Stephen, na farko Saratu matarsa Ravich Lenin koma zuwa Rasha a wani shãfe haske jirgin kasa. Bayan da Yuli kwanaki Lenin boye Radomyslsky da kuma malalar a kan lake daga wucin gwamnatin (yanzu akwai wani abin tunawa gina a kowace shekara ba wani tanti). Suna da ake zargi da leken asirin da hadin gwiwa tare da Austria-Hungary.

A watan Oktoba 1917, shi ne wata rufaffiyar taron na Bolshevik kwamitin tsakiya, inda Zinoviev da Lev Kamenev ce cewa shi ne wanda bai kai ga kifar da gwamnatin wucin kuma suka sãɓã wa jũna tare da Lenin ta ƙuduri. Suka yi a "New Life" (Mensheviks) kusan kai ga fitar daga jam'iyyar, amma yanke shawarar kawai su hanã su yi aiki a kan ta madadin.

Lokacin da Bolsheviks da SRs kwace mulki a Petrograd, Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Alekseem Rykovym da Viktorom Noginym bayar da shawarwari da tattaunawa tare da yarjewa Vizhelem kuma ya request don ci a cikin guda jam'iyyar gurguzu gwamnati. Lenin da Trotsky tsaya tattaunawar, da kuma a kan Nuwamba 4, da Quartet shiga gare su da Vladimir Milyutin zo daga kwamitin tsakiya. Lenin a mayar da martani ayyana su deserters - wannan shi ne shi ma ya ambata a cikin siyasa wasiya.

yakin basasa

By karshen 1917 Zinoviev aka yarda su koma siyasa. A lokacin yakin basasa ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Petrograd Tarayyar Soviet Sovnarkorma Arewa municipalities, mai neman sauyi Petrograd Tsaro.

Samun cikakken iko gurbace Zinoviev. Lokacin da yake kewaye da aka yunwa, da ya shirya domin ya kusa m banquets. A nasa himma, da bourgeoisie da unearned abubuwa hana burodi cards. Duk da yake dubban mutane su fada cikin wannan rukuni. Su zahiri da aka ƙaddara wa yunwa.

Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (short biography da aka gabatar da hankali a cikin wannan labarin) farko ƙi da "ja tsõro" bayan yunkurin da a kan Lenin da kuma kisan gillar da Volodarsky da Uritsky, wanda ya sa aka dauke soki Lenin. Ya nuna rashin amincewa da canja wuri na babban birnin kasar zuwa Moscow.

Zinoviev Lenin kõma wuri, da goyon bayan Brest-Litovsk yarjejeniyar, kuma an nan da sannu koma sahu na kwamitin tsakiya tare da membobinsu a cikin sabon Politburo. Wakkala shi da post da Comintern Executive shugaban, inda ya gabatar da manufar "social farkisanci".

Zinoviev dauki bangare a shirya da "Red Firgitar" na kawo dukkan daga Petrograd, wanda ya sa aka yi wa lakabi da su "Grishka Uku" (a kwatanta da Otrepyev da Rasputin).

A karkashin jagorancin Petrograd Zinoviev birni ta yawan fadi da fiye da miliyan 4 mutane. Mafi yawan su kawai bar birnin, amma wani babban bangare mutu daga yunwa, kuma yanke hukuncin kisa. Tasiri da kuma man fetur rikicin - hunturu a birnin kawai bai shigo da man fetur.

An yi imani da cewa irin wannan ayyuka sun Zinoviev dabarun rage "ba proletarian abubuwa."

Duk da yake daruruwan mutane da aka harbe shi, Zinoviev danniya su ne mafi m, kuma m. An yi imani da cewa shi aka shibtarsu ta yanke ƙauna, da tsoro ga mutuwa na juyin juya halin.

Tun 1921, Zinoviev ya memba na Politburo da nufin for manyan mukamai. Ciyar a lokacin da Lenin ta gado, ya buga littattafai masu yawa - ya tattara ayyukan fara buga.

Zinoviev aka tsunduma cikin fitina ga Orthodox limaman, a lokacin da Bolsheviks kwace da coci taro dabi'u. A Petrograd, wanda ya sa'an nan ya yiwo gudu, ya zartar da shari'a, wanda hukuncin kisa 10 firistoci, ciki har da Archimandrite Sergius kuma daga baya canonized a matsayin saint shahidai Lardi Benjamin.

Zinoviev dauki bangare a cikin tashin Stalin, rinjayi nada Janar na RCP a shekarar 1923 da babban sakataren. Ya yi wannan ba daga na sirri juyayi, da kuma kawo ga yaki da Trotsky.

Bayan Lenin ta mutuwa

Bayan mutuwar Lenin ainihin contenders for ikon suka Trotsky da Zinoviev.

A waɗannan shekaru, Zinoviev matsayi kasance sosai m. Ya kira su zuwa ga halaka da peasantry da kuma gaba daya fashi da kauye, don bunkasa masana'antu. Shi ya cynically ayyana cewa shi ne wajibi ne don halakar da wani ɓangare na Rasha, yawan, kamar yadda duk sake horad da a kansu hanya da Bolsheviks iya ba.

Zinoviev kokarin shirya wani duniya juyin juya halin. Gurguzun kokarin kwace iko a Jamus, Hungary, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Finland. Duk wannan ya haddasa mutane da yawa mutuwa, da kuma mara kyau ne kudi halin kaka.

Ta hanyar Comintern Zinoviev Gregory neman sauyi deduced hauka yawa kudi a Yammacin bankuna.

Daba na hali

Ko da yake Zinoviev fili tsawata Stalin, amma hali daba ya halitta kafin da kuma hurar da shi sosai karfi. Garinsu ya sake masa suna Zinoviev, to immortalize sunansa. A da yawa da manyan birane, a umurninsa, Monuments da busts an shigar. Ya buga wani dukan tarin ayyukansa (33 kundin).

sabon adawa

A cikin shekaru 2 Zinoviev Kamneva hamayya da Stalin. A sakamakon haka, shi ne ba ya shiryar da kwamitin zartarwa na Comintern da birnin majalisa, an samu farko daga Politburo, da kuma a shekara daga baya daga kwamitin tsakiya. Wannan ne bi da fitar daga jam'iyyar da kuma mahada.

A 1928, Zinovev Grigory, wanda iyali ya kuma sha wahala, tũba, kuma an mayar da a cikin jam'iyyar ta nada Kazan University rector. Shekaru hudu daga baya, da wallafe-wallafen da kuma na jarida da ya kamata a sake tsara da kuma gudun hijira, amma wannan lokaci domin ba bayani. A wannan tunani, ya fassara "Mein Kampf" ( "Gwagwarmaya") Hitler. A shekara ta 1933 an bayar da iyaka wurare dabam dabam na wannan translation (jam'iyyar ma'aikata karatu).

Maimakon shekaru hudu yana gudun hijira, a shekara daga baya Zinoviev sake mayar a cikin jam'iyyar da kuma aika zuwa Majalisar Tsakiya. A jam'iyyar majalisa, ya tũba, kuma ya tsarkake Stalin da abokansa. Yana Zinoviev sa'an nan ya kira Stalin a "baiwa dukan lokaci."

A hukunci da kotun

A Disamba 1934, Zinoviev ya sake kama shi, yanke zuwa shekaru 10 a kurkuku. La'anta aka taimaka a kisan na Kirov, a cikin ra'ayi na da yawa masana tarihi, wannan al'amari an shirya da Stalin. Duk da yake a cikin Verhneuralsk siyasa isolator, sai ya rika rubutu, nufin Stalin da tabbaci cewa ya daina abokan gaba, da kuma shirya don cika wani bukatun.

Stalin da magoya bayansa sun yi m amfani da asalin Zinoviev da Kamenev, yada jita-jita, da cewa 'yan adawa ne Yahudawa da masana.

A wannan lokaci, da gyaran Zinoviev aka ba bi, da kuma a 1936 ya zartar da "tsari na goma sha shida", wanda hukunci da tsoffin shugabannin jam'iyyar. Agusta 24 ya yanke shawarar gudanar da wani kisa - kisa. A rana daga baya na jumla hukuncin kisa.

Abin lura shi ne cewa jumla aka soke a shekara ta 1988, yarda da rashin aikin kaso na wani laifi.

Akwai shaida da cewa a lokacin gudanar da bincike Zinoviev sanya bukatunsu dawo da kudi na Comintern. Ya kawo wani bangare daga cikin adadin da cewa mutum sace da kuma ba da lokaci zuwa ciyar, ko zuba jari. Bayan da cewa Stalin da rai, ya ba da ake bukata.

Koyo game da hali na Zinoviev kafin kisa, Stalin da girman sun tofa masa yawu a kasa, yana mai cewa wasu wani abu a kan bango a saka karshen da aka shirya.

A lokacin kama daga Zinoviev kiyaye a cikin m yanayi. A zafi a cikin masallãci iyakar dumama hada. Matsaloli tare da kodan da kuma hanta, da kuma irin wannan yanayi ya kawo fursuna don nauyi hare-hare - daga zafi ya aka mirgina a kasa, ya roƙe da za a canja shi zuwa asibiti. Maimakon haka, dole taimako da likitoci ba shi da kwayoyi, da kara exacerbates cutar.

A m yanayin gidajen kurkuku bayan da wani dadi kuma amintattu rayuwa Grigoriy Evseevich Zinovev rurrushe da tearfully roƙe Stalin a warware kotu.

Stalin yi wa'adi ga Zinoviev da Kamenev su rayu tare da iyalansu, idan suka yarda da wani kotu da duk zarge-zargen da kuma tattauna wasu daga cikin tsofaffin Bolsheviks. Wannan farce a shari'a da aka gudanar, amma bai ajiye rai na laifin.

mutuwa

Zinoviev aka harbe a daren watan Agusta 26, 1936 ya faru a ECCU gini (Moscow). kisa da shaidu tuna cewa Zinoviev sunkuyar da ya nemi jinƙai, sumbatan takalma Executioner, amma a karshen ba ya iya ko tafiya, sai na karshe 'yan mita ya kawai jan su. Kafin da kisan, ya fara karatun salla a cikin ƙasarsa Hebrew. Kamenev, wanda aka yanke masa hukumcin tare da shi, inda ya bukace shi zuwa dakatar ƙasƙanta, kuma mutu tare da mutunci. Akwai wani version, bisa ga abin da a cikin kisan Zinoviev da za a kwashe a kan wani gadon ɗauka maras lafiya.

Bayan fi na Zinoviev a shekarar 1988, 'yan shekaru na yabo kamar yadda ba tare da laifin-soke a lokacin da Stalin ta repressions.

danniya zumunta

Danniya sha wahala da duk mata uku Zinoviev. Da farko Saratu matarsa Ravich aka kama sau uku, a karshe gyara da kuma fito daga wata azãba mai tsanani da rashin lafiya kawai shekaru uku kafin mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1954.

Na biyu matar Zlata Liling sau biyu da aka kama da kuma aika zuwa zaman talala, amma sabanin da ɗansa, ta tsere wa mutuwa. Zinoviev ta ɗana ya mutu a cikin shekara wadannan da shi. Bayan da kisan Gregory daga dakunan karatu kwace dukan aikin Lili (yafi aiki a kan zamantakewa da kuma aiki da ilimi).

Uku matarsa Zinoviev Evgeny Lyasman kama kusan biyu da suka gabata. Da suka fito da shi ne kawai a 1954 da kuma gyara a gaba karni - a 2006. Game da mijinta ta rubuta tunanin, amma ya buga su dakatar dangi.

cinema

Zinoviev ta muhimmancin a cikin tarihi da kuma siyasa da suka faru akai-akai nuna a cikin fina-finan. A farko film ya "Oktoba" - bẽbãye halittar Eisenstein. Abin lura shi ne cewa Zinoviev taka leda Apfelbaum - ɗan'uwansa. Daga cikin wasu fina-finai da aka fi sani "blue littafin", "A cikin kwanaki na Oktoba", "Red", "Red Karrarawa", "Lenin. Jirgin kasa "," Stalin "," A karkashin ãyã daga Scorpio "da kuma TV jerin" Yesenin ".

ra'ayi Sahaban

Brief biography Grigoriya Zinoveva, ko ta wani hanya, ban sha'awa da yawa Sahaban. Mene ne ra'ayi a tsakanin jama'a game da wannan mutum? M Sahaban da aka ba sosai kafa da Zinoviev. Sun gane da hankali da kuma civility, amma kuma lura da cewa shi mai kyau da mãkircin matsoraci.

Kusa da Zinoviev mutane ce cewa yana da wani daukan hotuna, wuce kima da girman kai da kishi, bikin aristocratic halaye.

Jam'iyyar gwarazansa Zinoviev soki ga zama m cikin muhawarar da unprincipled zabi na nufin cimma sirri da kuma siyasa nasara.

A lokacin da yunwa a Petrograd, Zinoviev ga tebur ya kawo wani iri-iri na delicacies. Yana ce cewa ramammu, kuma suna fadin hali prerevolutionary Gregory girma a muhimmancin da girman kai "obese rascals" wanda ya matse kudi daga yunwa mutane.

A cikin memoirs na Sahaban Zinoviev da wata kalma game da wanzuwar Birnin Leningrad, a daba masa hukunci.