Ƙamus cikin sharuddan asalin. A lexical tsarin na zamani Rasha harshe. sabon kalmomi

Rasha harshen, kamar wani, yana ta lexical tsarin cewa ya samo asali kan ba kawai ƙarni, kuma ko da millennia. ƙamus abun da ke ciki na da daban-daban asalin. An ware da kuma 'yan qasar Rasha da kuma aro kalmomi. Ƙamus da kuma nahawu asalin kalmomi sanar a cikin makaranta, kazalika da philological baiwa.

asali Concepts

A Rasha harshen yana da wani arziki lexical tsarin, da samuwar wanda ya fara a cikin Neolithic da kuma ci gaba a yau. Wasu kalmomi bace daga harshen aiki ƙamus, zama archaisms, yayin da wasu shiga cikin mu magana, zama wani ɓangare na shi.

A lexicon na harshe tsarin cikin sharuddan da asalin da aka raba aro da kuma 'yan qasar Rasha. Primordially Rasha ƙamus ne game da 90% na lexical tsarin. Sauran nasa ne ranta. Bugu da kari, a kowace shekara mu kamus updated tare da sabon kalmomi da Concepts cewa tashi a sakamakon kimiyya da ci gaban fasaha.

Primordially Rasha ƙamus

Babban tafki ne primordially Rasha ƙamus. A wannan kungiyar ne da wadannan subgroups dangantaka da matakai na raya kasa, ba kawai da harshen amma kuma na mutane:

1. Indo-Turai lexicon.
2. Common Slavic.
3. Tsohon Rasha.
4. A gaskiya Rasha.

Jawo wa kansu a cikin wadannan lokuta samar da tushen maganar, kashin bayan mu ƙamus. Shi ya kuma kamata a yi la'akari da farko.

Indo-Turai lokaci

Primordially Rasha ƙamus cikin sharuddan asalin Dates baya ga Neolithic lokaci. Halin da gaban daya lokaci, jimlar Proto - Indo, wanda gudana kusan II Millennium BC. By kalmomin wannan kungiyar ne sunayen dabbobi, da ra'ayi don koma zuwa kinship, abinci. Ga misali: mahaifiyarka, 'yarsa, sa, sa, nama da sauransu. Su duk da baƙi wasikun a cikin wasu harsunan. Alal misali, kalmar uwarsa tana da irin wannan sauti a Turanci (mahaifiyarsa), da kuma Jamus (gungunin).

Common Slavic mataki

Common Slavic ƙamus ya taso a kusa da VI karni BC. Yana da aka gada daga cikin daban-daban kabilu suke zaune a cikin ƙasa na Balkans, tsakiya da gabashin Turai.

A lexicon na lokaci yana nufin lexical-na ginin jumla kungiyoyin, wanda ake amfani da su koma zuwa ga sassa na jiki sunayen, da dabbobi, na halitta mamaki, lokaci lokaci, da tsire-tsire da furanni, sunayen sassa na gine-gine, da kayayyakin aiki. A mafi daukan hankali misalai na ƙamus, kiyaye daga wannan lokaci: itacen oak, Linden, spruce gandun daji, itace, leaf, da gero, da sha'ir, da haushi, fartanya, gidan, shirayin, rufin, kaza, Goose, kvass, jelly. Plast wannan shi ne muhimmi a cikin ƙamus kagaggun Slavic mutane.

tsohon lokaci

Tsohon Rasha (ko Gabas Slavic) ƙamus shiga mu lexicon a cikin Slavic shiri lokaci a kan ƙasa na zamani Turai, game da XI-IX ƙarni. Wannan ne ma lokacin da samuwar samuwar Jihar Kievan Rus, watau, IX-XIV karni. Hada da kalmomi kamar kyau, kurciya, kawu, yadin da aka saka, finch, furotin, da arba'in, da tasa'in a yau.

Wadannan kalmomi ana kuma halin da wurin kari kafin kalma in-, Kai ne a, xabi'a vz-. Ga misali: da mutanena su ka, to buga, to gama, to cim.

Nemo ƙamus kafa a wannan lokaci, shi ne zai yiwu ne kawai a Rasha, Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci harsuna.

A lokacin samuwar Rasha kabila

Daga cikin XIV karni a Rasha harshen an fara fito fili wani sabon nahawu ƙamus. Wadannan kalmomi bayyana bayan rushewar Tsohon Slavonic harshe zuwa Rasha, Ukrainian da Belarushiyanci harsuna. Don zahiri Rasha kalmomi ne kamar zuwa gunaguni, wallpaper, cushe kabeji, kwarewa.

Wannan ya hada da duk sunaye kafa tare da suffixes -schik, -ovschik, -telstvo, -w (a). Ga misali: wuta extinguisher, jam'iyyar, al'umma, checkered. Wannan ya hada da adverbs da baƙauye, a kaka, fi'ilai cringe, faduwa zuwa damu.

Sanin wadannan siffofin, zaka iya lissafi da kalmomi kafa a wannan mataki na ci gaba.

Wannan lokaci ne na karshe a cikin samuwar babban Layer zahiri Rasha Alamu.

loanwords

Tun zamanin da, da Rasha mutane wajen samar da ba kawai cinikayya da kuma al'adu dangantaka, amma kuma siyasa da kuma soja. Duk wannan ya haddasa ilimin harsuna wajen samo. Da zarar a Rasha kalma a cikin lexical tsarin canza a karkashin tasirin da take da kuma zama wani ɓangare na da ƙamus. Loanwords ƙwarai wadãtar da Rasha harshen, ya kawo shi mai yawa sabon.

Wasu kalmomi da aka aro gaba ɗaya, kamar yadda wasu sun samo asali - asali samu Rasha suffixes ko kari kafin kalma, wadda daga ƙarshe ta kai ga samuwar wani sabon, wanda ya kasance asalin da Rasha kalma. Alal misali, kalmar nan "kwamfuta" shiga mu lexicon m, amma da kalmar "nukiliya masanin kimiyya" da aka dauke a yi 'yan qasar Rasha, tun lokacin da aka kafa daga aro kalmar "zarra" na' yan qasar Rasha kalma-samuwar model.

Ware wajen samo daga Slavic da kuma Turkiyya, Latin, Girkanci, da Jamus da kuma harsunan Rum, da suka hada da Turanci, Jamusanci, Italiyanci, Spanish, Dutch.

staroslavyanizmy

Bayan tallafi na Kiristanci a karshen X karni a Rasha harshen da ya zo a da yawa daga kalmomi. Yana da alaka tare da fitowan a Rasha na Church Slavonic littattafai. Tsohon Church Slavonic ko tsufa Bulgarian, Church Slavonic, harshen amfani da wani yawan Slavic kasashen matsayin wallafe-wallafen rubuta da harshen, wanda aka yi amfani da fassarar da Girkanci coci littattafai.

Daga Rasha harshen zo ecclesiastical sharuddan, kalmomi ga m Concepts. Wadannan sun hada da, firist, giciye, da iko, da mugunta, da jituwa da yawa wasu. Da farko, da data kalmomi ana amfani ne kawai a rubuce, littafin magana, amma shiga cikin da na baka a kan lokaci.

Church Slavonic lexicon cikin sharuddan asalin yana da wadannan siffofin:

1. A ake kira nepolnoglasie tushen kalmomi. Ga misali: ƙõfõfin ko kama. A wannan yanayin, akwai zabin polnoglasnymi ƙofofin da cikakken.
2. A hade da jirgin a cikin tushen kalmar. A karin misalin ne da kalmar wurare dabam dabam.
3. A gaban a cikin kalmomi baƙi u, misali a cikin kalma haske.
4. Wasali e, a farkon kalma da kuma kafin wuya baƙaƙe: daya.
5. La syllables, da PA da kuma farkon kalma. Ga misali: da rook daidai.
6. A gaban WHO-saman kwalaye, chrez-. Ga misali: biya, wuce kima.
7. Suffixes -stvi-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch-, -yasch-: rage, kona, dab.
Sassa na farko kalmomi Allah-benign, m, greho-, dushe-, alheri: Allah da taƙawa, zlonravie albarka.

Wadannan kalmomi ne a yau amfani a Rasha harshe. A daidai wannan lokaci, 'yan mutane da ake zargin cewa zahiri da ake kira alama ba shi da wani' yan qasar Rasha da kuma kasashen waje asalinsu. Sau da yawa sosai da suka za a iya samu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki texts, aiki na litattafansu na Rasha wallafe-wallafe.

Yaren mutanen Poland Alamu

A la'akari da tambaya, abin da yake cikin ƙamus cikin sharuddan asalin, ba za mu iya manta game da aron daga Yaren mutanen Poland harshe, wanda ya fara a cikin XVII-XVIII ƙarni. Na West Slavic harsuna mun shiga cikin mu kalmomi kamar kayan gida, daub, zomo, periwinkle, jam. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa sun restock, ba kawai Rasha amma kuma Ukrainian harsuna, Belarushiyanci.

Girkanci wajen samo

A gagarumin jikin Greek loanwords. Shiga cikin harshen mu, sai ta fara a cikin tsawon dukan-Slavic hadin kai. A mafi tsufa lexical "kyautai" ne kalmomi kamar Harkokin Kasuwanci, gado tukunyar jirgi.

A lokacin daga IX zuwa XI karni wadannan kalmomi da aka aro: zamani haramun ne, mala'ika, da lissafi, fitilar, tarihi, falsafa, rubutu, sauna, fitila. A baya lokacin aro kalmomi alaka da kalmomin da Al'adu da Kimiyya: comedy, anapaest, dabaru, misalin, da kuma wasu matsalolin da ake daidaita a terminological na'ura na masu rinjaye na kimiyyar zamani.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa saboda tasirin Greek kuma Byzantine ƙamus da kuma phraseology na Rasha harshen ƙwarai wadãtar. Duk da haka, a cikin wadannan kasashe da tasiri a kan kansu ji ba kawai wani kimiyya, kamar yadda philology, amma kuma lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi, sunadarai, da kuma art.

Latin

A cikin tsawon daga XVI ya VXIII karni a Rasha harshen kunshi Latin kalmomi cewa wadãtar da lexical asusu a fagen kimiyya, fasaha, zamantakewa da siyasa sharuddan. Sun hada da yafi ta hanyar Ukrainian da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland. Musamman karfi da wannan gudummawar da ci gaban ilimi da kimiyya, kazalika da tarihi da kuma al'adu dangantakar na wadannan kasashe.

Daga cikin Latin harshen zo mana riga ya saba Concepts kamar holidays, stationery, darektan, masu sauraro, makaranta, da tsari, da jama'a, da juyin juya hali, da sauransu.

Turkic harshe

An dade mu hanyoyi ketare tare da Tatars, da Turks. Na Turkic harshe a Rasha shiga kalmomi kamar lu'ulu'u, beads, ãyari, kudi kasuwa, kankana, wanka, hazo, wando, ya fi dacewa da dawakai sunayen: roan, bay, buckskin.

Advantageously ara faru daga Tatar. Saboda da kasuwanci, al'adu da kuma soja dangantaka da suka wanzu tsakanin mu al'ummai kan dama ƙarni.

Scandinavian

Very kadan wajen samo daga cikin Scandinavian harsuna - Swedish, Norwegian. Shigar da farkon lokaci saboda cinikayya cewa wanzu tsakanin mu mutane har ma a pre-Kirista lokaci.

A mafi daukan hankali kalmomi shiga cikin Rasha lexical tsarin: sunayen, Igor da Oleg, samfurin sunayen - herring, pud, da ƙugiya, da mast, a yi tsegumi.

Yammacin Turai harsuna

Asalin da ƙamus na zamani Rasha harshen, ta ci gaba ne da nasaba, da yawan harsunan Turai. Bayan da sake fasalin na Bitrus I, a cikin XVII-XVIII ƙarni, a cikin Rasha harshen hada Alamu na yammacin Turai harsuna.

A Jamus zo a cikin mu harshe mai yawan kalmomi ga soja, kasuwanci da kuma mabukaci ƙamus, kimiyya da fasaha: a promissory bayanin kula, da ma'aikata, da kofur, taye, easel, makõma wuri mai faɗi.

Dutch "shared" tare da Rasha nautical sharuddan: dockyard, harbor, pilot, sojojin ruwa, ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa. Marine da sharuddan sun kuma zo daga harshen Turanci: Midshipman, Birgediya.

Mu shiga daga cikin Turanci a cikin tsarin mu kuma lexical kalmomi kamar kauracewa gasar, rami, wasan kwallon kafa, wasan motsa jiki, gama, cake, pudding.

A XX karni da kuma ya hada da kalmomi da fasaha kuma su yi wãsã, harkokin kudi da kasuwanci duniyoyin, art. New kalmomi, yayin da tarawa mu lexical tsarin: a kwamfuta, mai fayil, byte, ƙarin aiki bayan lokaci, Brokerage, yin haya, magana shows, mai ban sha'awa, briefing tsigewar.

A XVIII-XIX ƙarni a Rasha harshen ma shiga cikin kalmomi na harshen Faransanci - munduwa, tufafi, jacket, gashi, broth, kaza, bayan gida, bataliya sansanin, actor, play, darektan.

Na Italian da kuma Spanish zo a cikin Rasha m sharuddan, da sharuddan da mulkin art: aria mawaki Choral waka, Sonata, Carnival, gondola serenade, guitar.

Dukan su har yanzu rayayye aiki a cikin lexical tsarin, da kuma game da inda da kuma yadda suka zo, za mu iya koya daga kamus.

neologisms

A halin yanzu mataki na Rasha harshen lexical tsarin updated tare da sabon kalmomi. Su ne wani ɓangare na da harshen da zargin sabo Concepts da mamaki. Lokacin da batun taron ko abubuwa bayyana da kuma sabon kalmomi designate su. Ba su nan da nan a kunshe a cikin aiki ƙamus.

Domin a yayin da, da kalmar an dauke su a neologism, sa'an nan ya zama sosai na kowa kuma da tabbaci saka a cikin harshen. A baya can kalmomi, neologisms sun kasance wani majagaba memba na Komsomol, xan sama jannatin, Khrushchev da sauransu. Yanzu, ba wanda zai zargin su neologisms.

kamus

Don duba abin da ƙamus cikin sharuddan asalin da aka yi amfani da wani batu, za ka iya juya zuwa etymological kamus. Su daki-daki, asalin kalmar, ta farko etymology. Za ka iya amfani da makaranta da kuma taƙaitaccen etymological kamus , edited by H. Shang, "Rasha etymological kamus" A. E. Anikina ko "etymological kamus» P. A. Krylova, da sauransu.

Koyi da ma'anar waje kalmomi da ta zo mana daga kasashen waje harsuna, shi ne zai yiwu, ta amfani da ban mamaki "Dictionary na kasashen waje, Words" edited Ozhegova.

Karatu a makaranta

Ƙamus cikin sharuddan da asalin da kuma yin amfani da yawanci karatu a makaranta hanya na Rasha harshen a cikin sashe "Lexicology da phraseology." Mai da hankali wannan topic biya a 5-6 ga watan maki, kazalika da 10th. Dalibai koyi da asalin kalmomin, kuma collocations, su ma'anar, koyi rarrabe tsakanin su, aiki tare da daban-daban kamus.

A wasu lokuta, malamai za su iya ciyar da duk electives, karin-curricular ayyukan kishin nazarin asalin kalmomi.

Abin da kayan za a iya amfani da a cikin binciken na topic "Lexis cikin sharuddan asalin"? Table da rarrabuwa da kuma misalai na matani a harsuna daban-daban, dauke da Rasha harshen aro kalmomi, da kuma kamus.

Karatu a Jami'ar

Musamman ma a daki-daki, karatu da ƙamus daga ra'ayi na asalin University, da Faculty of Philology. A batu ne da aka ba 'yan darussa a cikin shakka "Lexicology da phraseology na zamani Rasha harshe." A nazarinsa, dalibai kwakkwance da dama texts, gano wani 'yan qasar Rasha da kuma aro kalmomi a gare su, rarraba su, aiki tare da kamus. Ƙayyade da stylistic yiwuwa aro, aka rabu amfani da kalmomi.

A laccoci da kuma taro details da rarrabuwa na ƙamus a asalin, amfani da kuma aiki na zamani Rasha harshe. Wannan dabarar damar sha'awar dalibai don Master ilmi daga mafi warai samarwa da binciken batun.

binciken

Da wata magana a cikin lexical tsarin na da tarihi da kuma ta asalin. Wasu kalmomi da dogon an aiki a cikin harshen, tun da lokacin da sarrafa guda, wani Indo-Turai harshe, wasu sun zo mana a cikin daban-daban lokaci lokaci na Slavic da harsunan Turai, da kuma har yanzu wasu sun taso a lokacin da ci gaban zamani bayanai fasaha.

Fahimtar tarihin asalin wasu kalmomi zai taimake mu ba kawai don su gane bayyananne ma'anar, amma kuma gano ci gaban da kasar mu ta al'ada a wani lokaci ko wata.