A farko kumbon sama jannati tare da wani mutum a kan jirgin

"A farko kumbon sama jannati kaddamar daga Earth a wani kudi na 0,68 zuwa ..." Saboda haka ta fara da rubutu na aiki a wata kimiyyar lissafi littafi domin 11th sa dalibai tsara don taimaka wajen karfafa a cikin zukatan babban arziki da relativistic makanikai. Saboda haka: "The farko kumbon sama jannati kaddamar daga ƙasa a wani kudi na 0,68 c. Na biyu na'urar fara motsawa daga farko a cikin shugabanci a gudun v2 = 0,86 s. Wajibi ne yin lissafi da gudun da na biyu jirgin ruwa dangi zuwa ga duniyarmu. "

Wanda ya so su gwada ilimi za a iya horar da a cikin wannan aiki. Zaka kuma iya, tare da dalibai ya dauki bangare a cikin gwajin bayani na "farko kumbon sama jannati kaddamar daga ƙasa a gudun 0.7 seconds. (C - gudu haske nadi). Na biyu na'urar fara motsawa daga farko a cikin shugabanci. Its gudun - 0.8. Wajibi ne yin lissafi da gudun da na biyu jirgin ruwa dangi zuwa ga duniyarmu. "

Ga waɗanda suka la'akari da kansu masani a wannan al'amari, shi ne mai yiwuwa a yi zabi - Akwai hudu zai yiwu amsoshin: 1) 0. 2) 0.2. 3) 0.96 s. 4) zuwa 1,54.

An muhimmanci didactic dalili, da yanzu darasi tura gabatar da ƴan tare da jiki da kuma falsafa ma'anar Einstein ta postulates jigon da kaddarorin relativistic ra'ayi da lokaci da kuma sarari, da dai sauransu Educational manufar da darasi ne wajen samar da matasa, maza da mata na jari-hujja ganewarsu.

Amma da labarin da masu karatu suke saba da tarihi na Rasha sarari jirgin, zai yarda da cewa ayyuka a cikin yanayi kira da magana "da farko kumbon sama jannati", za a iya taka muhimmiyar rawa ilimi. Idan so, wani malamin yin amfani da wadannan ayyuka za a iya bayyana a matsayin fahimi, kuma m al'amurran da tambaya.

A farko kumbon sama jannati a sararin samaniya, nasarar da kasa sarari kimiyya a general - abin da aka sani a game da wannan?

A kan muhimmancin sarari bincike

Space bincike da aka sanya a cikin kimiyya da muhimmanci data cewa a yarda su fahimci ainihin na sabon mamaki yanayi da kuma sa su a cikin sabis na mutane. Amfani da tauraron dan adam, masana kimiyya sun iya sanin ainihin irin na duniyarmu, ta hanyar nazarin falakinsu zama zai yiwu a gano wuraren Magnetic anomalies a Siberia. Tare da yin amfani da roka da kuma tauraron dan adam sun iya gano da kuma gano da radiation belts a kusa da Duniya. Tare da su taimako shi yiwuwa a magance da dama sauran hadaddun matsaloli.

A farko kumbon sama jannati taba zuwa ziyarci Moon

Watã - cikin wani sarari suKe jiki, wanda ake dangantawa da mafi m da kuma ban sha'awa nasarori na sarari kimiyya.

Flight ga Moon karo na farko a tarihi da aka aiwatar Janairu 2, 1959 atomatik tashar "Luna-1". A farko kaddamar da wani wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam "Luna-1" ya kasance wata babbar nasara a fannin nazarin sararin samaniya. Amma babban dalilin da aikin ba a cimma. Yana da aka aiwatar da jirgin daga Earth ga Moon. The jefa bayar da muhimmanci kimiyya da kuma m bayanai a kan flights zuwa wasu cosmic jikinsu. A cikin shakka daga "Moon-1" manufa da aka ɓullo da (karo na farko!) The biyu cosmic gudun. Bugu da kari, shi yiwuwa a samu bayanai a kan radiation bel na duniya, cirewa sauran muhimmanci da bayanai. Duniya manema ya kasafta kumbon sama jannati "Luna-1" sunan "Dream".

AMC "Luna 2" an maimaita gada kusan gaba daya. Used kida da kayan aiki da damar saka idanu interplanetary sarari, kazalika da daidaita data samu "Luna-1". Run (12 Satumba 1959) aka kuma yi amfani da 8K72 RN.

Satumba 14, "Luna 2" Ya kai da na halitta da tauraron dan adam na Duniya ta surface. na farko taba jirgin da aka yi daga wannan duniya tamu zuwa da watã. A kan jirgin, su uku suna AMC m pennant, wanda ta haifa da rubutu: "The Tarayyar Soviet, a cikin watan Satumba 1959". A tsakiyar da aka sanya a karfe ball, wanda, a lokacin da karin surface na cikin wani sarari suKe jiki shatters cikin da dama kananan streamers.

Ɗawainiya sanya wa atomatik tashar:

• kai Lunar surface.
• ci gaban da na biyu cosmic gudun;
• Cin Nasara da nauyi na duniyarmu.
• delivery da Lunar surface pennants "Tarayyar Soviet".

Dukan su sun sun cika.

"Gabas"

Ya na farko kumbon sama jannati a duniya na duk kaddamar a cikin Earth falaki. Academician M. K. Tihonravovym ta shahara zanen S. P. Koroleva ci gaba da za'ayi domin shekaru masu yawa, tun lokacin da spring na 1957. A watan Afrilu na shekarar 1958 ya zama sananne m sigogi na nan gaba na jirgin, kazalika da ta overall yi. Yana da aka zaci cewa, na farko kumbon sama jannati za su yi wani nauyi na game 5 ton da kuma cewa a lokacin sake shigarwa zai bukatar ƙarin thermal kariya yin la'akari game da 1.5. Haka kuma, shi da aka bayar ga matukin ejection.

Samar da gwaji jirgin sama ya ƙare a watan Afrilu 1960. Summer ya fara gwada shi.

A farko kumbon sama jannati "Vostok" (photo kasa shi) kunshi biyu abubuwa: da kayan daki da kuma zuriya module juna.

A jirgin ruwa da aka sanye take da manual da kuma atomatik iko, fuskantarwa ga rãnã, kuma Duniya. Bugu da kari, akwai wani saukowa, da yawan zafin jiki-sarrafawa da kuma samar da wutar lantarki. Board da aka tsara don tashi guda matukin jirgi a cikin spacesuit. A jirgin da biyu portholes.

A farko kumbon sama jannati shiga sarari a 1961 a kan 12 Afrilu. Yanzu, wannan kwanan aka yi bikin a matsayin Ranar Cosmonautics. A wannan rana, YA Gagarin orbited farko sarari jirgin a duniya. Su da aka samar da juyin juya halin a kusa da Duniya.

Babban aikin da ya yi aikin farko kumbon sama jannati tare da wani mutum a kan jirgin, ya yi nazarin jannati kiwon lafiya da kuma yi nisa da duniya tamu. Nasara jirgin na Gagarin: mu compatriot, mutum na farko wanda ya gan Duniya daga sarari - da ci gaban kimiyya da aka samu a wani sabon matakin.

Wannan jirgin cikin dauwama

"A farko kumbon sama jannati tare da wani mutum a kan jirgin da aka kaddamar a cikin Earth kewayewa Afrilu 12, 1961. A farko matukin-cosmonaut kumbon sama jannati-tauraron dan adam "Vostok" ya zama magadansa da Tarayyar Soviet, pilot, Major Gagarin Yu. A. "

TASS kalmomi na tunawa posts zai har abada zama a cikin tarihi, daya daga cikin mafi ƙwarai da kuma karin ta shafukan. A karshen shekarun da suka gabata na sarari tafiya zai zama wata al'ada, mundane sabon abu, amma jirgin, cikakken mutum daga wani karamin gari a Rasha - Gzhatsk - Za har abada zama a cikin zukatan mutane da yawa da al'ummomi a matsayin babban mutum feat.

A sarari tseren

Tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka a wadannan shekaru akwai wani unspoken gasar ga dama ya taka rawa wajen ci na sarari. The shugaban na gasar da aka Tarayyar Soviet. The United States rasa iko roka.

A Soviet astronautics da su aikin da aka gwada a watan Janairu 1960, a lokacin da gwaje-gwaje a cikin Pacific. All manyan duniya jaridu wallafa bayanai da cewa Soviet mutane nan da sannu zã a kaddamar a cikin sarari cewa za shakka bar Amurka a baya. Dukan mutanen duniya da aka jiran na farko manned jirgin tare da mai jira.

A watan Afrilu 1961, wani mutum karo na farko ya dube Duniya daga sarari. "Gabas" garzaya zuwa Sun, da dukan duniya duba wannan jirgin daga gidajen radiyo kan ware. Duniya ta girgiza kuma m, duk niyarsa lura mafi girma gwaji a tarihin 'yan adam.

Minutes da ya girgiza duniya

"Man a Space!" Wannan labarai da aka katse a tsakiyar jumla aikin rediyo da kuma labarai hukumomin. "Soviets kaddamar da wani mutum! Yuri Gagarin a sarari! "

"Gabas" a kan shi ya tashi a kewayen duniya, shi ya ɗauki 108 minti. Kuma waɗanda lokacin ba kawai nuna airspeed na m gefen. Waɗannan su ne na farko minti na wani sabon sarari shekaru, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa suka haka aka girgiza duniya.

A tseren tsakanin biyu superpowers na lashe a yaki don nazarin sararin samaniya ƙare tare da nasarar da Tarayyar Soviet. A watan Mayu, {asar Amirka ballistic kuma kaddamar da wani mutumin a cikin sarari. Kuma duk da haka farkon mutum ya wuce Duniya ta yanayi da aka aza ta Soviet mutane. A farko kumbon sama jannati "Vostok" tare da jannati a kan jirgin da aka aiko madadin Soviets. Wannan al'amari ya kasance batun da babban girman kai na Soviet mutane. Haka kuma, jirgin dade daina gudanar da yafi hakan, na kasance a wani fiye da hadaddun hanya. Bugu da kari, na farko kumbon sama jannati Gagarin (photo ne bayyanar) ba za a iya kwatanta ta da kwantena, wanda ya tashi da wani American matukin jirgi.

Safe sarari zamanin

Wadannan 108 minti canza Yuriya Gagarina rayuwa, mu al'umma da kuma duniya har abada. Da zarar saki a cikin sarari na farko sarari jirgin tare da wani mutum a kan jirgin, wannan taron ne da mutane na Duniya sun zo yi imani da safe na sarari shekaru. A duniya akwai wani mutum wanda zai ji dadin irin wannan mai girma soyayya ba kawai ga 'yan'uwanmu' yan kasa, amma kuma mutanen da ke kewaye da duniya, ko da kuwa kasa, siyasa da kuma addini. Ya feat ya personification na duk mafi kyau da aka halitta da tunanin mutum.

"Jakadan na Aminci"

Overflights na Duniya a kan jirgin "Vostok", Yuri Gagarin tattaki zuwa kasashen duniya. Kowa ya so ya gani da kuma ji a duniya na farko cosmonaut. Ya daidai da maraba da firaministoci ne kuma shugabannin, babban shugabanni da sarakuna. Kuma Gagarin farin ciki ya gaishe da hakar gwal da kuma dockers, soja da kuma masana kimiyya, da dalibai daga cikin manyan jami'o'i na duniya da kuma dattawan watsi da kauyuka a Afirka. A farko cosmonaut ya daidai da sauki, abokantaka da kuma tausasawa da su duka. Shi ne mai gaskiya "jakadan na zaman lafiya", a gane al'ummai.

"A mai girma da kuma ban mamaki mutum, mutanen"

Gagarin ta diplomasiyya manufa yana da matukar muhimmanci ga kasar. Babu wanda zai iya haka nasarar, kamar yadda na farko da mutum wanda ya kasance a cikin sarari, ƙulla kullin da aminci tsakanin mutane da kuma al'ummai, to connect tunani da zuciya. Ya na da wani ba za'a iya mantawaba, m murmushi, ban tausayi da cewa unites mutane daga kasashe daban-daban, daban-daban imani. Unusually m su ne m, zuwa daga dukan yi na zuciya, kira ga zaman lafiya a duniya.

"Na ga yadda kyau da Earth - ya ce Gagarin. - Daga sarari indistinguishable kan iyakoki. Duniyar mu dubi daga sarari a matsayin daya manyan da kyau mutum gidan. All gaskiya mutane na duniya suna da alhakin domin da zaman lafiya a cikin gidansa. " Ya yi imani m.

A unprecedented tasowar kasar

A alfijir a kan cewa abin tunawa rana, ya ya saba da wata iyaka yawan mutane. A tsakar rana, sunansa ya koya dukan duniya. Don shi ya kai miliyoyi, ya ƙaunace shi ga alheri, matasa, kyakkyawa. Domin bil'adama, shi ne wata harbinger na nan gaba, a Scout dawo daga m search, bude sabon hanyoyi zuwa ilmi.

A idanun da yawa ya wakilci kasarsa, ya wakilin mutane a cikin lokaci wanda ya sa wani babban taimako ga nasara a kan Nazis, kuma a yanzu na farko da hawa cikin sarari. Sunan Gagarin, wanda aka bayar da suna Hero na Tarayyar Soviet, ya zama wata alama ta kasar unprecedented Yunƙurin zuwa sabon Heights na zamantakewa da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki.

A can farko na nazarin sararin samaniya

Ko kafin sanannen jirgin, a lokacin da na farko kumbon sama jannati tare da wani mutum a kan jirgin da aka kaddamar a sararin samaniya, Gagarin tunani game da abin da darajar da mutane ne da ci gaban sarari, abin da kuke so mai girma, daga jirgi da makamai masu linzami. Me ake saka nesa da kuma kirga madawwama biyu? Me gardama da tauraron dan adam da kuma rediyo eriya ake tãyarwa ne? Shi ne sosai sane da gaggawa da kuma muhimmancin wadannan lokuta, kuma nemi a bayar da gudummawa ga farko na mutum bincike na sarari.

A farko kumbon sama jannati "Vostok": aiki

Babban} alubalar kimiyya da ya fuskanta cikin jirgin "Vostok", sun kasance a matsayin haka. Na farko, da binciken na da tasiri na jirgin yanayi a sararin samaniya na jihar na jikin mutum da kuma ta yi. Na biyu, duba ka'idojin na gina kumbon sama jannati.

Tarihi na halitta

A shekarar 1957, SP Korolev a cikin kimiyya hukumar musamman sashen da aka shirya lambar 9. Yana hada aiki a kan halittar wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam na duniya. A sashen da aka karkashin jagorancin aboki Korolev, MK Tikhonravov. tambayoyi halittar wani tauraron dan adam da aka ma yi karatu a nan, piloted da wani mutum a kan jirgin. A Korolyevskiy P-7 aka gani a matsayin jefa abin hawa. Kamar yadda lissafin, da makami mai linzami da na uku mataki na kariya ya iya cire wani biyar-ton kaya zuwa low-Duniya falaki.

A lissafin da wuri, tun mataki na ci gaba halarci LISSAFI Academy of Sciences. Yana da aka bai da wani gargadi da cewa tenfold obalodi iya kai ga ballistic Saukowarsa daga falaki.

A sashen nazarin yanayi na aiki. Na yi ta yi watsi da shawara na cruise zabin. Kamar yadda mafi dace hanya zuwa ga kõmãwa mutum, muka yi karatu da yiwuwar kaddamar da kara zuriya ta laima. Raba ceto lander ba a bayar.

A cikin shakka daga gudana likita bincike ya tabbatar da cewa mafi dace wa da jikin mutum shi ne a siffar zobe siffar lander, kyale tsayayya nauyi ba tare da wani tsanani sakamakon da lafiyar 'yan saman jannati. Wannan siffar zobe siffar da aka zaba domin samar da zuriya module na manned jirgin ruwa.

A farko jirgin "Vostok-1K" An aiko. A wani atomatik jirgin, wanda ya faru a watan Mayu 1960, kuma daga baya ya yi aiki ga wani canji halitta "Gabas-3KA", wanda ya kasance cikakken shirye su gudanar manned manufa.

Fãce wanda ya gaza jirgin ya ci tura na jefa abin hawa a kan jefa, da shirin da aka bayar ga kaddamar da shida unmanned da shida manned kumbon sama jannati.

Shirin aiwatar:

• mutumin rike wani jirgin cikin sarari - na farko kumbon sama jannati "Vostok 1" (photo ne jirgin ruwa image).
• jirgin tsawon wata rana, "Vostok-2";
• gudanar da kungiyar jirgin, "Vostok-3" da "Vostok-4".
• hannu a cikin sarari jirgin na farko mace-cosmonaut, "Vostok-6".

"Gabas": da halaye na jirgin da kuma kayan aiki

Features:

• nauyi - 4,73 m.
• tsawon - 4.4 m.
• diamita - 2,43 m.

na'urar:

• siffar zobe lander (2.46 m, 2.3 m).
• Instrumental da conical orbital compartments (2.27 m, 2,43 m) - bayar ga inji connection tsakanin su ta wajen wani pyrotechnic kwa'di da siraran ƙarafa.

kayan aiki

Atomatik kuma manual iko, atomatik fuskantarwa zuwa ga rãnã da manual fuskantarwa zuwa ga Duniya.

Rayuwa Support (bayar da kwanaki 10 don kula da ciki yanayi m sigogi na yanayin duniya).

Umurnin-da-kula da dabaru, da samar da lantarki, yawan zafin jiki kula, saukowa.

Domin aikin mutum

Domin samar da wani mutum aiki a sarari kwamitin shi aka sanye take da da wadannan instrumentation:

• m da radiotelemetry na'urorin zama dole domin sa idanu da jihar na sama jannati.
• inji for rediyo dangane da nazarin sasannin tashoshin.
• umurnin rediyo.
• shirin-lokaci naúrar.
• TV tsarin saka idanu da matukin jirgi daga ƙasa.
• a rediyo da lura da kuma shugabanci gano da sarari suKe na jirgin.
• retropropulsion da sauransu.

The na'urar lander

A lõkacin saukarsa module da biyu portholes. Daya daga gare su wanda yake located a ƙofar ƙyanƙyashe, dan kadan sama da matukin jirgi ta kai, da sauran tare da wani musamman hali kula da tsarin, housed a cikin bene a ƙafafunsa. Ado a cikin wani kwat da wando jannati aka sanya shi a cikin wani wurin zama ejection. Yana da aka envisaged cewa bayan braking zuriya kwantena a tsawon kilomita 7 jannati dole ne kore da kuma saukar laima yi saukowa. Bugu da kari, akwai yiwuwar saukowa matukin jirgin ciki da na'ura. A lõkacin saukarsa kwantena da saukar laima, amma ba tare da wajen domin mai taushi saukowa aka bayar. Wannan barazana da occupants mutum tsanani raunin kan saukowa.

Idan hana atomatik tsarin, xan sama jannatin iya amfani da manual iko.

The "Vostok" ya ba fit ya tashi da wani mutum zuwa ga watã. Sun kasance sũ ne unacceptable jirgin mutane ba tare da horo na musamman.

Wa piloted jirgin "Gabas"?

Yu. A. Gagarin: na farko kumbon sama jannati "Vostok - 1". A hoto a kasa ne a layout image na jirgin. G. S. Titov: "Vostok-2" A. G. Nikolaev "Vostok-3", PR Popovich: "Vostok-4" V. F. Bykovsky "Vostok-5" V. V. Tereshkova "Vostok-6".

ƙarshe

108 minti, a lokacin da "Vostok" yi juyin juya hali a kusa da Earth, an har abada canza rayuwar duniya. A tunawa da wadannan minti lura ba kawai da masana tarihi. Rayuwa zamaninsu da kuma mu m zuriyarka za ta girmamawa sake karanta takardun gaya game da haihuwar wani sabon zamanin. AD, wanda ya bude hanya ga mutanen da a cikin sararin expanses talikai.

Yadda duk da haka ya zuwa yanzu bil'adama ta cigaban sabon ci gaba, shi zai tuna da yaushe wannan ban mamaki rana a lokacin da mutumin na farko ya zo fuska da fuska da halittu. Mutane za su tuna da yaushe sunan daukakar m sarari majagaba da suka zama wani talakawa Rasha mutum - Yuri Gagarin. All halin yanzu da kuma nan gaba nasarorin da sarari kimiyya za a iya daukarsa a matsayin matakai a cikin farkawa, sakamakon tsiwirwirinsu da su nasara - da farko kuma mafi muhimmanci.