Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: biography, tafiya da kuma samu

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846) ne ba kawai mai almara navigator, admiral, girmamawa memba na Petersburg Academy of Sciences, amma kuma wani musamman tarihi adadi da kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na Rasha Oceanology. Wannan mutumin yana da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan duka biyu da tarihi na cikin gida da marine expeditions, kuma a general ga duk sailing a general. Ba mutane da yawa sani cewa marubucin na farko "Atlas Kudu Sea" ne daidai Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Brief biography na Rasha navigator ne a cikin litattafan da wuri a duk musamman makarantu, kamar yadda shi ne sunan da aka sani zuwa kowane ilimi mutum, shi ya kasance ne hade da Rasha oceanography, labarin kasa da sauransu. D.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: a takaice biography

Wannan Rasha matuƙan wanda a haifi aka mai suna Adam Ioann, ya zo daga wani Russified Jamus iyali Ostsee manya, wanda ya kafa shi ne ya kakan kaka - Filipp Kruzius. Haifi Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, wanda biography ne da nasaba, da teku, da takwas Nuwamba 1770 a Estonia, Estate Hagudis. Mahaifinsa ya zama mai hukunci. Daga farkon yara, nan gaba admiral so don samun kusa da teku duniya. Ko da yake rayuwa aka yaushe nasaba da teku, da mafarkin da aka ba nan da nan yi.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern bayan Revel Church School, inda ya yi karatu na shekaru uku fara daga shekara goma sha biyu, nan da nan ya shiga kawai a lokacin da makaranta a Kronstadt, wanda koyar da jami'an da rundunar - da Marine Corps. A farko yaƙin neman zaɓe na matasa midshipman a kan ruwa expanses materialized a 1787 da Baltic Sea. Ba da da ewa Rasha-Swedish yaki. Kamar da yawa wasu, Ivan Kruzenshtern, ba da ciwon lokaci zuwa gama Hakika, gaba da jadawali da aka tsara a cikin midshipmen a kan wani mikakke 74-gun jirgin "Mstislav". Wannan ya faru a 1788. Bambanta da kansu a cikin Battle of Hogland a cikin wannan shekara, matasa Ivan aka alama da umurnin. Kuma ga ya ayyuka a cikin tẽku, fadace-fadace a cikin Vyborg bay a Krasnaya Gorka kuma a Revel a 1790 ya aka sanya a leftana.

gudanar da aikin sa lokaci a Birtaniya

A 1793, goma sha biyu da jami'an standouts domin inganta Maritime harkokin aka aika zuwa Ingila. Daga cikin su ya kuma Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Biography of Admiral gaba daga wannan lokaci ya fara cika fuska girma. Bayan bar Rasha Empire, lokaci mai tsawo ya shiga jirgin ruwa a kan jirgin ruwa mai filafilai Thetis kashe arewacin tekun na Amirka, inda fiye da sau daya halarci fadace-fadace tare da Faransa jiragen ruwa ziyarci Suriname, Barbados, Bermuda. Domin yin nazarin Gabas India ruwa, sai ya shiga gāɓar Bengal. Its manufarsa shine ya kafa hanya domin Rasha ciniki, a yankin.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, sa'ad da yake Amirul Order of St. George na hudu sa, karfi da sha'awar da Jawo cinikayya a Rasha da kuma China, wanda ya faru ta ƙasar hanya daga Okhotsk a kan Kyakhta. Kasancewa a cikin Canton, ya samu damar ganin amfanin, wanda zai iya samun Rasha kan kai tsaye tallace-tallace na furs a kasar Sin ta hanyar teku. Bugu da kari, duk da zumunta matasa, nan gaba Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern kokarin kafa dangantaka ta kai tsaye tare da Rasha hedkwatarsu da Holdings located a kan ƙasa na America, domin ya sami damar samar da su da duk abin da ya cancanta. Bayan haka, ya riga ya fara tsanani tunani game da shi ya samo asali kafin Swedish yaki almara circumnavigation aikin, wanda babban dalili zai zama don inganta Rasha Navy matsayin m hanyoyi, kazalika da ci gaba da mulkin mallaka cinikayya. Saboda haka, yin iyo a cikin sabis a cikin ruwaye na India, Pacific da kuma Atlantic teku, da navigator an binciko duk yiwu hanyoyi.

makõma take

Tare da kwarewa da kuma daidaita, a 1799 Ivan shekaru shida daga baya ya koma Rasha. A St. Petersburg, ya yi kokarin gabatar da su ayyukan da ra'ayoyi a cikin sojojin ruwa, amma bai sami fahimtar.

Duk da haka, a lokacin da a 1802 a irin wannan tsari da aka yi da babban kwamitin da Rasha Ma'aikatar kasuwanci, Sarkin sarakuna Alexander na amince da shi, da kuma aka yanke shawarar, bisa ga ya ba duniya balaguro. Just a wannan lokacin da kuma na tuna da Kruzenshtern, gayyato shi wurin sarki.

A farko circumnavigation

Sarkin sarakuna, ƙwarai wahayi da aikin, amince da shi da kuma bayar da dama ga sirri Kruzenshtern ta aiwatar. The tafiya aka nada biyu kananan sailing sloop "Hope", yin la'akari 450 ton da kuma kadan m jirgin "Neva". Don umurni da balaguro da babban jirgin Kruzenshtern ya Ivan, da bude daga wanda aka daga baya sauka a tarihi na Rasha kewayawa kamar yadda daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci. A umurnin da sloop "Neva" danƙa ga kusa aboki, Lieutenant-Kwamandan Yu Lisyansky.

Mai girma tafiya fara a farkon watan Agusta 1803. Duka jiragen ruwa a lokaci guda daga cikin Kronstadt harbor je a kan wani dogon da wuya sosai hanya. Babban aikin da aka sanya shi kafin balaguro - nazarin bakin Amur River samu sabon hanyoyi. Yana da kullum da aka lura da burin Rasha Pacific jiragen ruwa, don gane da cewa dogon lokaci-amintattun abokai da kuma takwarorinsu - Kruzenshtern da Lisyansky. Su sa'an nan ya tafi, ta hanyar da yawa daga matsaloli.
Kotun da ya sa soja flag. Baya shopping dalilai, da sloop "Hope" da za a hawa zuwa Japan, da Rasha, jakadan - Chamberlain Rezanov, wanda aka zamar masa dole ya shirya cinikayya tare da Japan. Kuma ga manufar kimiyya da bincike daga Rasha Academy of Sciences balaguro aka aiko halittu Langsdorf da Tilesius da falakin Horner.

kudancin yammancin duniya

Za fitar da wani hari a kan Kronstadt, Kotun iyo a cikin tashar jiragen ruwa na Copenhagen, a Falmouth, koro zuwa tsibirin Tenerife, da kuma riga ta goma sha huɗu ga watan Nuwamba, ta danna ekweita karo na farko ya kawo Rasha yaki flag a kudancin yammancin duniya. A dukkan tafiya gyara maps, bincika sabon tsibiran kewaye da tekun na harbi daidai tsunduma Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich. Wannan ya bude a lokacin da wannan circumnavigation na da babban mai bincike, za a sani a cikin 'yan shekaru, lokacin da ya wallafa bayanan kula a kan wannan tafiya, gabatar da jama'a mai yawa ban sha'awa abu game da duk abin da ya ga a lokacin balaguro.

Kai Brazilian Santa Catarina, explorers samu cewa "Neva" bukata a canji na biyu hasumiya, don haka muna da ya yi karamin filin ajiye motoci. Lokacin da ya gama gyare-gyare, da jiragen ruwa suka tafi a kan haye ekweita. Tun wannan lokacin, tare da Kruzenshtern Lisyansky riga iya da kyau yi alfahari da su da sabis a kasar. Bayan duk, da Rasha flag farko buga kudancin yammancin duniya, wanda a wancan lokacin ya kasance da gaske a neman sauyi mataki.

A watan Fabrairu 1804, da farko zagaye duniya rundunar motoci, Ƙididdigar Cape Kakakin, ya rabu biyu. Dalilin shi cikin matsananci yanayi. By karshen Afrilu Kruzenshtern gudanar a samu to da Marquesas Islands, inda matafiya sake saduwa: a tashar jiragen ruwa na Anna Maria, wanda zai daga baya zama da aka sani da Nukuhiva, "Neva" tare da "bege" hadu.

Wucewa Vashingtonovyh tsibiran, na farko Rasha circumnavigation balaguro ci gaba a wajen arewa. Amma "Neva" tare da "bege" sake fita May kusa da Hawaiian Islands. A farko jirgin tashi a cikin shugabanci na Alaska da kuma sauran fanko zuwa gaba na Kamchatka Japan. An tun Ingalik Eskimo Island, wanda nasa ne da United States, aka hukumance mai suna tsibirin Krusenstern.

Japan na yawon shakatawa

Ashirin da shida a cikin watan Satumba 1804 da sloop "Nadezhda" isa a Nagasaki. A Japan, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern ya zauna har shekara ta gaba. Mistrustful da kuma musamman m Japan resolutely ki yarda da Rasha jakadan. A karshe, a watan Afrilu, da batun da aka warware.

Koma tare da Rezanov Kamchatka Kruzenshtern yanke shawarar ta cikin tekun Japan, wanda a wancan lokaci shi ne gaba daya unexplored navigators. A kan hanya ya ya iya gano gabar yammacin kasar na Nipon da Matsmaya, kazalika da kudanci da kuma gabashin rabin na tsibirin Sakhalin. Bugu da kari, Ivan ya gano da kuma matsayin da yawa wasu tsibirai.

manufa Gamawa

Iyo a cikin Bitrus da Bulus tashar jiragen ruwa, komai a fili jakadan Kruzenshtern dawo zuwa gaba na Sakhalin, ya kammala karatunsa, sai Ƙididdigar da shi zuwa arewa, shiga cikin Amur estuary, inda na biyu na Agusta koma zuwa Kamchatka, inda, replenishing abinci hannun jari, "Hope" da aka aika zuwa Kronstadt. Kamar wancan ƙare mai almara tafiya a duniya Kruzenshtern, wanda shi ne na farko rubũtacce a cikin tarihi na Rasha kewayawa. An quite barata da shirya ayyukan za su zama ba kawai wani sabon zamanin, amma kuma ya wadãtar da labarin kasa da kuma kimiyyar yanayin halitta amfani bayani game da kadan-san ƙasashe. Sarkin sarakuna sosai yawan lada Kruzenshtern da Lisiansky, kazalika da duk sauran 'yan balaguro. Don tunawa da wannan muhimmin taron na Alexander I ko da umurni na musamman samu lambar don buga.

Summing up

A 1811, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, wanda photos za a iya gani a wani littafi na marine makarantu da sauran musamman makarantu, aka nada sufeto na azuzuwan a cikin Sea yar jam'iyyar kadet Corps. Duk da haka, masu tasowa, wani ido cutar da kuma ba gaba ɗaya nasara ne dangantakar da sarauta marine ministan kai shi zuwa ga nẽman izni daga aiki, kuma a watan Disamba 1815 na farko je a kan m iznin.

Kusan daga wannan lokaci ya fara samar cikakken umarnin aka yi nufi ga duniya balaguro, wanda ya faru daga 1815 zuwa 1818 karkashin jagorancin Kotzebue - junior jami'in na farko tafiya. Kruzenshtern ko da na tafi Ingila, inda ya bayar da umurnin da zama dole tafiya dasu. Kuma dawowa, ya samu m iznin, ya fara aiki a kan halittar da "Atlas Kudu Sea", abin da ya kamata an yi tare da hydrographic bayanin da kuma bincike na ma'aikata izyasneniem. Ivan ya taimake shi to kwararru abar kulawa da halitta mai girma ilimi description na tafiya tare da wani yawa na taswirori da zane-zane. Wannan aikin, da aka buga a Rasha da kuma Jamus, an fassara zuwa Faransanci, da kuma daga baya duk ba tare da togiya Turai harsuna. Ya aka bayar da Demidov Prize.

Manual Marine Corps

A 1827 Kruzenshtern ya zama darektan na Marine Corps. Kusan a lokaci guda, ya zama memba na Admiralty Board. Shekara goma sha shida a kwalkwali alama ta muhimman canje-canje a cikin soja ma'aikata: Ivan gabatar da sabon batutuwa ga koyarwa da kuma don inganta library, kuma gidan kayan gargajiya da yawa amfanin. M canje-canje ya shafa ba kawai da halin kirki da kuma ilimi matakin. Admiral kafa da jami'in aji, jiki da ofishin da kuma wani Observatory.

By musamman request na Ivan ta jiki a 1827 da ya zama sojan ruwa Academy.

Kimiyya da kuma kungiya da ayyukan

A farkon duniya na biyu, a 1812, Kruzenshtern, kasancewa mai arziki mutum, hadaya mutane ta mayakan -third da ya arziki. A wancan zamani, kudi mai yawa - dubu rubles. A wannan shekara ya wallafa uku-girma "tafiya a duniya ...", da kuma a cikin 1813th an zabe memba na da yawa kimiyya al'ummu da kuma ko da kwalejojin a Ingila da kuma Denmark, Jamus da kuma Faransa.

Har 1836 Kruzenshtern wallafa "Atlas Kudu Sea", wanda ya m hydrographic rubutu. Daga 1827 zuwa 1842 na farko, hankali mafitar ta cikin sahu, ya zo da Admiral. Very da yawa shahararren matafiya da explorers nemi goyon bayan ko shawara ga Ivan. Ya kasance da Oganeza na balaguro jagorancin Otto Kotzebue, ba kawai, amma kuma Vavileva da Shishmareva, Bellingshausen da Lazarev, Stanyukovicha da Litke.

jiki horo

A cewar Sahaban, Kruzenshtern tsaya fitar a cikin yanayi, dabam-dabam kira da kafada abin ɗamara da kuma jaruntakar da nono fice a cikin balaguro. Abin sha'awa, a tafiya, duk da bewildering abokan aiki, ya dauki tare da shi a kullum kaya masu nauyi da kuma aiki tare da su. Ya fi so motsa jiki da aka a tura latsa.

A ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar

A St. Petersburg a 1874 da m da sculptor Monighetti Schroeder a gaban Marine Corps ta kafa wani abin tunawa Krusenstern. Ya aka gina tare da masu zaman kansu da kudi, ko da yake wani kananan allowance aka samu da kuma daga jihar.

Sunan babban mai bincike mai suna matsatsiyar, Reef da haushi. Kuma a cikin 1993, da Rasha Bank bayar commemorative tsabar kudi "The farko Rasha zagaye duniya tafiya" jerin.

Binne girma Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern a Tallinn Dome Church.