Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Shekaru da manufofin gwamnati

Mikhail Fedorovich ya zama na farko Rasha tsar na Romanov daular. A karshen Fabrairu 1613 ya aka zaba wa shugaban mulkin da Rasha Zemsky Sobor. Ya zama sarki ba Generic al'adunmu, ba ta kãmun ikon, kuma ba nasa volition. Mikhail Fedorovich aka zaba ta hanyar Allah, kuma da mutane, kuma a wancan lokaci ya kasance kawai 16 years old. Mulkinsa yana da matukar wuya lokaci. Mikhail Fedorovich kamar rabo ya magance tsanani tattalin arziki da siyasa da matsaloli: kasar daga cikin hargitsi a cikin abin da ta kasance bayan da matsaloli, don ya dauke da kuma karfafa tattalin arziki, don ci gaba da ƙasa na fatherland, sun yanyanke. Amma babban abu - rike da kafa gidan Romanov kan Rasha kursiyin.

Romanov daular. Mihail Fedorovich Romanov

A Romanov iyali da Boyar Fedora Nikiticha, wanda daga baya ya zama sarki Filaret, kuma Xenia Ivanovna (Shestova), Yuli 12, 1596, yana da ɗa. Shi suna Michael. Romanov iyali da aka alaka da daular Rurikovich da mai arziki ne ƙwarai, kuma sanannun da kuma. Wannan boyar iyalan mallakar sararin kadarori, ba kawai a arewacin da kuma tsakiyar ɓangare na Rasha, amma kuma a kan Don kuma a Ukraine. A farko, Michael ya rayu tare da mahaifansa biyu a Moscow, amma a 1601 iyalinsa fadi cikin disfavor da aka hõre kunyata. Hukuncin yayin Boris Godunov aka gaya cewa Romanovs shirya mãkirci kuma so su kashe shi tare da taimakon wani sihiri potion. Kiyashin bi nan da nan - da yawa mambobi ne na Romanov iyali da aka kama. A cikin watan Yuni 1601 a wani taro na da Boyar Duma hukunci ya: Fedor Nikitich da 'yan'uwanku: Alexander, Michael, Vasily da kuma Ivan - Ya kamata a hana dukiya, tilasta yanke wani m, kõre da kuma kurkuku a wurare daban-daban da nisa daga babban birnin kasar. Fedor Nikitich aka aika zuwa Antony na Siya sufi, wanda aka located in wani m, wõfintattu wuri, 165 miles daga Mala'iku, a kan kogin Dvina up. A wannan wuri ne mahaifinsa Mikhail Fedorovich trimmed a sufaye da mai suna Filaret. Uwar nan gaba autocrat, Xenia Ivanovna, aka zarge shi da hannu cikin wani laifi a cikin sarauta da iko da kuma aika zuwa gudun hijira a cikin Novgorod gundumar, a Tol-Egoryevsky hurumi da take Vazhitskomu sufi. Ga ta gashi yanke a wani Nun, mai suna Marta, da kuma kurkuku a wani kananan gini, kewaye da wani babban shinge.

Mahada Mikhail Fedorovich zuwa Byelozero

Little Michael, wanda shi ne a wancan lokaci da shekara shida, kõre tare da shekaru takwas da 'yar'uwa Tatyana Fedorovna da mãtã, Marfoyu Nikitichnoy Cherkassky, Ulyanoy Semenovoy da Anastasia Nikitichna a kan Beloozero. Akwai, yaron ya yi girma har a wani musamman matsananci yanayi, mai gina jiki, ya sha wahala da shan wuya, kuma zaman kansu. A 1603, Boris Godunov tausasa cikin jumla da kuma yarda Michael uwa, Martha Ivanovna, zo a kan Beloozero yara. A takaice lokaci daga baya autocrat yarda to resettle zaman talala a Yuriev-Polsky gundumar, a kauyen Klin - 'yan qasar fiefdom Romanovs. A 1605, ya kwace mulki arya Dmitry I, so su tabbatar da kinship tare da surname Romanov koma Moscow tsira daga cikin wakilan daga zaman talala, ciki har da iyali na Michael, kuma da kansa. Fedor Nikitich da aka bai Rostov archdiocese.

Smoot. A jihar kewaye a Moscow, nan gaba, Sarkin

A wuya sau daga 1606 zuwa 1610 shekaru, da dokoki Vasiliy Shuysky. A wannan lokacin da dama ban mamaki events faru a Rasha. Duk da ya bayyana da girma motsi "barayi", da baƙauye tawaye, wanda ya jagoranci I. Bolotnikov. Wani lokaci daga baya, ya hada kai da wani sabon ƙãƙalen faɗarsa, "Tushino" arya Dmitry II. Yaren mutanen Poland baki ya fara. Commonwealth sojojin kama Smolensk. Boyars Shuisky aka kifar daga kursiyin saboda gaskiyar cewa ya rashly kammala tare da Sweden Vyborg kwangila. A karkashin wannan yarjejeniya, da Swedes amince da taimakawa Rasha don su yi yaƙi da arya Dmitry, kuma a cikin sama samu da Kola Larabawa. Abin baƙin ciki, da ƙarshe daga cikin Vyborg kwangila ba ajiye Rasha - Dogayen sanda ci Rasha-Swedish sojojin a yaƙi Klushinskoy da kuma bude kanta ta halarci zuwa Moscow. A wannan lokaci, da boyars, tafiyar da kasar, mubaya'a ga ɗan sarki na Commonwealth Sigismund, Vladislav. A kasar da aka raba biyu sansani. A lokacin daga 1610 zuwa 1613 shekaru na anti-Polish yunkuri na mutane ya tashi. A 1611 aka kafa da mayakan sa kai a karkashin jagorancin Lyapunov, amma shi da aka ci a kan karkata daga Moscow. A 1612 Halicci biyu mayakan. Yana da aka karkashin jagorancin Dmitry Pozharsky da Kuzma Minin. A marigayi rani na 1612 akwai wani mummunan yaƙin, wanda aka lashe ta Rasha, sojoji. Hetman Chodkiewicz tattara zuwa Vorobiev duwãtsu. By karshen Oktoba da Rasha sojojin barrantar da Moscow daga Dogayen sanda kunshe a cikinsa, jiran taimako daga Sigismund. Rasha boyars, ciki har da Mikhail Fedorovich tare da mahaifiyarsa Marta, kama, azabtar da shi da yunwa da talauci, A karshe aka sake.

Yunkurin kashe Fyodor Mikhailovich

Bayan wuya, yaƙi ya kewaye ta Moscow, Mikhail Fedorovich tafi Kostroma fiefdom. A nan, nan gaba King tsallaka rijiya mutuwa a hannun wani gungu na Dogayen sanda suka zauna a cikin hanyar dogo-Borovsky sufi da kuma neman wani hanya zuwa Domnino. Spas na Mikhail Fedorovich baƙauye Ivan Susanin, suka ba da kai don nuna barayi a hanya zuwa nan gaba, Sarkin da kuma kai su zuwa ga kishiyar sashi, da swamps. A nan gaba, Sarkin dauki tsari a cikin sufi da Yusupov. Ivan Susanin aka azabtar, amma bai bayyana wuri na Romanov. Wannan da wuya yara da kuma samartaka su ne nan gaba sarki, wanda yake da shekaru 5 da haihuwa, da aka tilas rabu da iyayensu da kuma rayuwa tare da mahaifiyarsa ta uba ya zama maraya, ya samu da irin wahalhalu da kadaici daga waje duniya, da azabar kewaye da yunwa.

Zemsky Sobor 1613 zaben da Mikhail Fedorovich

Bayan niyya ga fitar da invaders boyars da mayakan sa kai karkashin jagorancin Prince Pozharsky aka yi shawarar zuwa zabi wani sabon Sarkin. Fabrairu 7, 1613 a na farko zaben na wani bafada daga Galich samarwa wanzar da ɗansa Filaret, Mikhail Fedorovich. Daga cikin dukkan 'yan takara ya zumunta shi ne mafi kusa ga Rurik iyali. A birane da yawa aka aiko manzanni zuwa gano mutane ta ra'ayi. Fabrairu 21, 1613 karshe zaben da aka gudanar. A mutane yanke shawarar: "Da yake sarki Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov." Tare da wannan shawara, da dako da ofishin jakadancin ta sanar da sakamakon zaben na Mikhail Romanov tsar. Maris 14, 1613 jakadun, tare da wani procession, ya zo da Ipatiev sufi da kuma dukan tsiya Brow Nun Marta. Long lallashewa karshe zo fruition, da kuma Mihail Fedorovich Romanov amince da zama sarki. Kawai 2 May 1613 cika wani m kauri ƙofar Moscow sarki - a lokacin da, a cikin ra'ayi, babban birnin kasar, da kuma Kremlin a shirye ya ke yarda da shi. Yuli 11 da aka lashe a zamanin da sabon monarch - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. A kauri bikin da aka gudanar a ɗauka cewa Cathedral.

A farkon sarautar Sarkin sarakuna

Mikhail Fedorovich dauki da ragamar tsage, halakar da kuma tsautsayi kasar. A wuya sau mutane da ake bukata kawai irin wannan autocrat - mai karimci, m, m, da alheri, da kuma m a lokaci guda a kan halaye da rai. Ba abin mamaki da mutane kira shi "m." The hali na sarki taimaka wajen karfafa ikon da Romanovs. Domestic Politika Mihaila Fedorovicha a farkon sarautar Ahasurus, aka nufin maido da oda a kasar. An muhimmanci aiki shi ne kawar da gangs na brigands rampaging ko'ina. Tare da Cossack jigo Ivan Zarutsky kulla wata real yaki, wanda wuni a kama fursunoni da m kisa. M matsaloli na manoma. A 1613, da rarraba jama'a ƙasashe bukatar da aka za'ayi.

Muhimmanci dabarun yanke shawara - a tsagaita wuta tare da Sweden

Harkokin waje Politika Mihaila Fedorovicha aka mayar da hankali a kan cikar wani tsaida wutar yaƙi da Sweden da kuma karewa daga cikin yaki tare da Poland. A 1617 ya aka yi wa ado Stolbovsky kwangila. Wannan daftarin aiki a hukumance kawo karshen yaki da Sweden, wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru uku. Yanzu Novgorod ƙasashe aka raba tsakanin Rasha Empire (ya koma da kama birni: Veliky Novgorod, Ladoga, Gdov, Porkhov, Staraya Russa da Sumerskaya yankin) da Mulkin Sweden (ya samu Ivangorod, Koporje, Yam, Korela, Oreshek, Neva). Bugu da ƙari, Moscow ya biya wani gagarumin Naira Miliyan Xari da Sweden - 20 dubu azurfa rubles. Stolbovsky duniya ya yanke kasa daga cikin Baltic Sea, amma ga Moscow kammala wannan tsagaita wuta a yarda su ci gaba da yaki tare da Poland.

A ƙarshe na Rasha-Polish yaki. Komawar sarki Filaret

Rasha-Polish yaki dade, tare da sãɓãwar launukansa nasara, tun 1609. A 1616 da makiya sojojin karkashin jagorancin Wladyslaw Vasa da hetman Yanom Hodkevichem, mamaye Rasha ƙasa, fata kifar da kursiyin Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Yana iya isa kawai Mozhaisk, inda aka dakatar. Daga 1618 zuwa sojoji ya shiga soja na Ukrainian Cossacks Hetman P. Sahaidachny gangarawa. Hadin gwiwa da sojojin da suka kutsa cikin Moscow, amma ya kasance m. Yaren mutanen Poland da sojojin suka tattara da kuma zaunar kusa da Triniti-Sergius sufi. A sakamakon haka, bangarorin sun amince da gudanar da shawarwari da kuma wani tsaida wutar yaƙi aka sanya hannu a kauyen Deulina Disamba 11, 1618, wanda ya kawo karshen Rasha-Polish yaki. Sharuddan kwangila sun fi karfinsu, amma gwamnatin Rasha sun amince da yarda da su domin dakatar da ciki rashin zaman lafiya da sake gina kasar. A karkashin yarjejeniyar, Rasha ta ~ uka komai Rzeczpospolita Roslavl, Dorogobuzh, Smolensk, Novgoro-Seversky, Chernigov, Serpeysk da kuma sauran birane. Har ila yau, a lokacin tattaunawa da shi da aka amince da su musanya fursunoni. 1 Yuli, 1619 a kan kogin Polyanovka aka yi musayar fursunoni da Filaret, sarki mahaifin karshe koma gida. Wani lokaci daga baya, ya aka wajabta sarki.

Diarchy. The hikima yanke shawara na biyu maye a cikin ƙasa Rasha

A Rasha mulki za a kafa da ake kira dual iko. Tare da mahaifinsa, da sarki Mikhail Fedorovich fara gudanar da mulki. Ya, kamar sarki da kansa, ya ba da sunan "babban m". A shekaru 28, Mikhail Fedorovich aure Maria Vladimirovna Dolgoruky. Amma a shekara daga baya ta mutu. A karo na biyu, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich aure Evdokii Lukyanovne Streshnevoy. A lokacin da shekaru na aure ta haifa masa 'ya'yansa goma. A general, Politika Mihaila Fedorovicha da Filaret An nufin a karkashin shugabancin tsakiya ikon, na maido da tattalin arziki da kuma cika taskar. A cikin watan Yuni 1619 aka yanke shawarar cewa wani fatattakakkun ƙasar haraji za a dauka ta hanyar tsaro ko cadastres. Aka yanke shawarar gudanar da wata alƙarya ƙidaya sake kafa ainihin girman da haraji kudaden shiga. A fannin da aka aiko malaman Attaura da kuma dozorschiki. A zamanin mulkin Mihaila Fedorovicha Romanova don inganta haraji tsarin Tattara bayanan magatakarda littattafai samar sau biyu. Tun 1620 a filin da aka nada da gwamnoni da dattawa, don ci gaba da oda.

tanadi Moscow

A zamanin mulkin Mikhail Fedorovich hankali mayar da babban birnin kasar da kuma sauran birane, ya hallaka a lokacin da matsaloli. A 1624 aka gina shi Stone tanti da kuma daukan hankali Agogon kan Spasskaya hasumiyar da belfry gina Filaret. A cikin shekaru 1635-1636 aka gina da dutse mansions domin sarki da kuma 'ya'yansa a wurin haihuwa itace. 15 majami'u da aka gina a kan ƙasa da Nicholas ga Spassky Gate. Bugu da kari ga maimaitawa hallaka birane, da manufofin da Mihaila Fedorovicha Romanova aka nufin kara bautar da manoma. A shekarar 1627, a dokar da aka halitta da cewa a yarda manya ƙasarsu wasiyyin (sarki aka yi amfani da su yi haka). Bugu da kari, a sa na biyar leƙo asirin ƙasa runaway manoma, wanda a 1637 aka mika wa 9 shekaru, da kuma a 1641-m - har zuwa shekaru 10.

Samar da wani sabon sojojin regiments

An muhimmanci ayyuka na Mikhail Romanov shi ne halittar akai rundunar sojin kasa. A 30-ies. XVII karni akwai "shelves na sabon tsarin." Daga cikin su aka hada da boyars 'yara da kuma free mutane, da kuma' yan kasashen waje da aka yarda ga matsayi na jami'an. A 1642 ta fara horo kasashen waje soja mutane da darajõji. Bugu da kari, suka fara samar da Reitarska sojoji da mahayan dragoon regiments. Har ila yau zabe biyu Moscow regiments aka halitta, wanda daga bisani aka kira Lefortovo da Butyrsky (daga ƙauyuka, wanda aka located).

masana'antu ci gaba

Bugu da kari a cikin halittar sojojin Sarkin Mihail Fedorovich Romanov kokarin ci gaba daban-daban crafts a kasar. Gwamnatin da aka kira a waje masana'antun (prospectors, kafa, gunsmiths) a kan m sharuddan. A Moscow, da Jamusanci yarjejeniya da aka kafa, inda suka rayu kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin m da kuma kasashen waje soja. A 1632 da shuka for Fitar tsakiya da kuma bindigogi a kusa Tula aka gina. Tasowa da kuma yadi masana'antu: Karammiski yadi bude a Moscow. Akwai aka za'ayi horo kyalle da harka. A Kadashevskaya Sloboda kaddamar yadi masana'antu.

maimakon a ƙarshe

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov mutu yana da shekaru 49 da shekaru. Yana faru Yuli 12, 1645. A sakamakon ta gwamnati ayyukan da aka kwantar da hankula a jihar, agitated matsaloli, da kafa Karkasa mulki da dukiya, da karfafa, mayar da tattalin arziki, masana'antu da kuma cinikayya. A zamanin farko Romanov ya tsaya da yaki da Sweden da kuma Poland, kuma a Bugu da kari, huldar diplomasiyya tare da kasashen Turai da aka kafa.