Turanci dattaku Tomas Kromvel: biography

Tomas Kromvel - dattaku Tudor, tauraron na farko girma a Birtaniya cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje da manufofin karni na sha shida. Da dama da suka gabata na ainahin sarautar Ingila tura tsibirin daya daga cikin mafi tasiri kasashen Turai. Ba kamar ya shawarta da aboki, Cardinal Wolsey, shi ba royalist kuma wani firist. Tomas Kromvel wani lauya, da kuma a cikin dukkan su gudanarda ayyuka nuna wani natsuwa, kuma m.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma samartaka

An sani cewa a 1485 a daya daga cikin mafi m na wurare London haife Tomas Kromvel. A biography wannan adadi yana farawa a Putney, inda a cikin marigayi karni na sha biyar, za duk kumfa na Birtaniya babban birnin kasar. Mahaifinsa Brewer da wani kudi, sãɓã wa jũna m fushi da kuma rashin lafiya mai zafin, kuma ba ƙi kananan zamba. Ba mamaki, Tomas Kromvel zarar bar iyali ya fara kai wani rai cike da Kasadar kuma a Ingila da kuma a nahiyar. An sani cewa don wani lokaci ya yi aiki a matsayin Faransa condottiere a Italiya, ya bambanta kansa da dama soja yakin. Amma da sojan ta rayuwa da aka ba wa liking. Gudu daga cikin sojojin Cromwell hayar wani sauki ma'aikaci a cikin banki gidan Frescobaldi. Saboda da na halitta wit da ilmi na harsuna, ya zama wani confidant na da banki. A hankali, Cromwell amince da mafi scrupulous da fatauci - misali, duk da banki ta dangantaka da Vatican gwamnati sun shige ta hannunsa. Bayan wani lokaci Cromwell bautar irin mukamin a Antwerp, sa'an nan - a cikin tumbi, wanda a kwanakin mallakar Birtaniya kambi. Tare da farawa da-up babban birnin kasar, Cromwell yanke shawarar komawa zuwa Ingila. Ya fara da 16th karni, kuma tare da shi - na gaba mataki ransa.

Rayuwa a Ingila

Bayan tsallaka da Turanci Channel, Cromwell zauna a London. Da farko ya kasance a bit na sayar da ulu da daban-daban kyallen takarda. Da ya zo Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa rayuwar wani m ba zuwa ga liking, Tomas Kromvel aka ilimi da kuma ya zama wani lauya. Halitta hankali da kuma balaga da sauri sanya shi daya daga cikin mafi nasara lauyoyi a London.

A cikin tsakiyar 20 ta na 16th karni, ta gana da Cardinal Thomas Wolsey - daya daga mutanen da suka kasance sunã aikatãwa siyasa a mulkin. T. Cromwell ya ɗauki Cardinal Sakataren. Sun kasance sũ ne sosai kama da kamannuna, da kuma kishi. Kamar yadda lokaci ya nuna, wannan kama da bukatun da haruffa wasa na musamman rawa - duka biyu sun m da kuma kaifin baki, duka biyu nemi ya kawo saukar da creaking na da burokrasi da kuma na dogon lokaci sun m mashawarci maras tabbas Henry Sabunta.

aure

A cewar Sahaban, Cromwell ya sãɓã, wasa da m da yawa mace zukata. Amma a hukumance ya yi aure ne kawai sau daya. Lokacin da ta kasance ma'aikacin banki, ya yi aure Elizabeth Uaykis, da wanda ya yi da 'ya'ya uku. 'Yar Anna da Grace mutu matasa, ɗansa kuma ya kasance daya daga fādar sarki. Ya goyon Tomas Kromvel da dan dan'uwansa Richard. Daga bisani, shi zai zama da kakan kaka daga cikin shahararrun Oliver Cromwell. Saboda haka, Tomas Kromvel da Oliver Kromvel - yi dangi da kuma jami'an gwamnati, a lokuta dabam dabam, sun canja tarihin ƙasarsa ta kasar.

Farko na canji

Yana da muhimmanci a fahimta yanayi a wadda Cromwell ya fara jama'a sabis. Ingila ta Henry Sabunta ya kasa na matasa, da dama daga wanda su ba ko da shekara ashirin. Turanci da al'adu da kuma jama'a na lokaci da aka cika da ruhun matasa. Farauta, gasa, duels da ɗaukaka yaki - Waɗannan su ne babban darasi Tudor matasa. Kuma Henry kansa yayin da na matasa. Ya ya yarda ya shiga cikin zinariya matasa, kullum ya bar taƙawa matarsa, Catherine, wanda ya ibada Katolika. A lokaci guda, da Sarkin hadu (ko abokansa) tare da matasa Anne Boleyn, wanda ya raba da dandani kuma fifiko daga cikin monarch. Wannan gay rayuwa bukata manyan kudi da zuba jari.

sprouts Protestantism

A wannan lokaci, a cikin wani wuri mai nisa Jamus matasa firist Luther King ya fara jihadi a kan papacy. Ba za mu iya ce cewa addini Outlook na m wa'azi da hukunci tasiri a kan sarki, a monarch sani wasika da ya yi Allah wadai da sabon Trend. Amma Henry Sabunta zarar ya gane da m gefe na sabon karkatacciyar koyarwa, da kuma gani a su damar warware mafi gaggawa matsaloli:

• karya da aure da Katerinoy Aragonskoy.
• to tura kwarara daga kudi daga Aljihuna na Katolika firistoci a cikin ni'imar da baitulmali na gidan sarki.
• to soke tasirin da papacy a kansa mulkin.

The ƙi Paparoma Clement to warware aure da Sarauniyar Henry Sabunta tilasta ya dauki hukunci matakai, da sakamako daga abin da yake da harshen Turanci canji. Sarki m aure da sarauniya kuma aure ya farka Anne Boleyn impregnable. Kamar wancan tsarki, rashin kuskure na papacy a cikin harshen Turanci mulki mai tsanani girgiza. A mayar da martani ga zamani haramun furta ta Vatican, Henry ayyana kansa shugaban da Church of England. Ya yi umurni da secularization na zuhudu kadarori, mamaye manyan wurare na tsibirin da aka buga. Hakika, akwai mutane da yawa magoya bayan na cocin Katolika ba a gane saki Sarki da kuma rasa kawunansu saboda imaninsu. Ban wuce wannan rabo, da kuma Thomas Wolsey. Ya aka tube wa lakabi na Ubangiji Chancellor kuma daga baya hukuncin kisa.

Amma canji motsi sannu a hankali samun da ƙarfi. Magoya bayan Katolika sun nemi a mayar da tasiri a cikin harshen Turanci al'umma. Amma canji ya faru, da kuma Turanci Protestantism hankali yada a ko'ina cikin mulkin.

meteoric Yunƙurin

Cromwell ta so ga ikon da aka kwarai, da kuma lokacin da shi ya zo daidai da lokacin da Henry bukatar wani m, kuma m ministan. Cromwell shigarwa zuwa aikin farar hula Dates baya ga 1530, daga wannan aya a kan, ya aiki sa wani meteoric Yunƙurin.

A thirties karni na sha shida ya da wani lokaci na babban gyãra, kuma canje-canje game da halakar da haihuwa English hanyarsa ta rayuwa. Cromwell ya zo ikon kamar yadda wani mai goyon bayan Anne Boleyn. Wolsey iya canja ba ya yanke shawara kuma ya ki gane sabon matar Henry Sabunta, Queen of England. Saboda haka, ya aka cire daga ofishin da kuma maye gurbinsu da kansa protege. Gabatarwa Cromwell ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi nasara a cikin ma'aikata da manufofin na Turanci kambi.

nasarori Cromwell

Daga cikin mafi muhimmanci ayyukan na siyasa su ne:

• The rushe gidajen da kuma kafa na Royal rinjaye a duk wadanda mutane da kuma ecclesiastical al'amura. Cromwell tsananta Katolika firistoci da kuma magoya bayan na Katolika, soke gidajen ibada, da sufaye banishing ƙasar m canja wuri zuwa Crown. Domin ya ka'idoji marasa sassauci na Cromwell sanã'anta da sunan barkwanci da guduma sufaye.
• Ci gaba da kuma gabatarwa da sabuwar ƙasar dokokin, ƙasar hira da secularization, rage wuya da haraji da kuma yin haya.
• Fadada na sarauta da iko da tasiri a Arewa na Ingila, Wales da kuma Ireland. Wadannan ayyuka fusatar da babban mulkin gargajiya iyayengiji kuma haifar da tarzoma da aka gilla mur.
• A amfani da bugu latsa ga littafin na littafai na wadanda mutane da kuma addinin wallafe-wallafe. Wannan ne izza ga Thomas Cromwell Littafi Mai Tsarki wallafe a cikin harshen Turanci. Wannan taron ya faru a 1539.

majalisarsa hakikar

Kamar yadda wani shrewd da kuma kirga kotu, Cromwell a lokacin da za a lura da 'yar alamar nuances a cikin hali na sarki kuma sau da yawa fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa ya gaskata a gaban shugabanci. Alal misali, game da ta fi duqufar da goyon bayan Anny Boleyn, ya fara bayyana. Amma kamar yadda sanyaya monarch ji Cromwell canza ta hali ga Anna. Ya ƙarshe shiga rinjaye, wanda ya tabbatar da gaskiyar cin amanar kasa Anna, kuma ya kasance mabiyin taimako ga azãba Boleyn da kuma sabon aure na monarch.

Awards da matsayi

The King yaba da ibada na Cromwell. Da wuya wani dan siyasa gudanar ya zama ko da yaushe da ninkaya da kuma bin hanya na wani canza da kuma mirgina monarch. Don keɓewar Henry Cromwell ƙanƙara shawa na jihar lambobin yabo da kuma gabatarwa. A nan ne manyan turakun na sarauta sabis:

• 1531 - Member na kãshi Council.
• 1533 - Chancellor na exchequer na Ingila.
• 1534 - magatakardan sarki, da shugaban kotun daukaka kara.
• 1536 - Ubangiji kãshi Seal.

• 1537 - Knight na Garter da shugaban makaranta na jami'ar Wales.
• 1539 - Chamberlain.

A karshen rayuwarsa Cromwell aka bai wa lakabi na count. Duk da haka, yin amfani da sabon suna na Earl na Essex ya iya a kawai 'yan makonni. Ba da ciwon to sake canza da suka gaskata, Tomas Kromvel aka ake zargin na sarauta cin amanar kasa. A lokacin wani taro na kãshi Council, ya aka kama shi kuma kashe bayan wani taƙaitaccen fitina a cikin Tower da shekaru 65 da shekaru.