Biotic dangantaka a cikin yanayi. Misalai na daban na biotic dangantakar

Biotic dalilai na yanayi - shi ne dangantaka na duk halittu tare da juna da kuma da yanayi. Biotic kiwata a biogeocoenose tsakanin jinsuna daban. A mafi asali da kuma muhimmanci siffar irin shaidu ne abinci da dangantaka, wanda ya samar da madaukai da kuma hadadden food sarkar.

neutralism

Biotic connection, a cikin abin da daya kwayoyin m aiki na da wani sakamako a kan rayuwar wani, da ake kira neutralism. Misalin wannan dangantaka ne zomo da kuma tapeworm, malam rash kuma gwanjo, amma kuma da yawa wasu iyaka.

Masana kimiyya sun lura cewa, a lokacin da rayuwar dukkan halittu saki a cikin yanayi ne m, ruwa da gaseous abubuwa da za su iya shafar sauran shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da micro-kwayoyin.

allelopathy

Biotic sadarwar da za'ayi godiya ga takamaiman data kasance na rayuwa kayayyakin, saki a cikin muhalli, da ake kira allelopathy.

Wannan sabon abu ya dade da aka sani, amma kawai a 1937 da Jamus masanin kimiyya Molisch ba shi da wani sunan.

Bugu da ƙari, wannan sabon abu ne karatu a daki-daki, a kan shuka. Kadaici da yawa shuke-shuke iya yi a kan blizrastuschih makwabta a matsayin mai guba da kuma haramta motsa sakamako. Misalan biotic dangantaka a tsire-tsire na iya zama:

• absintin ganyen masu ɗaci ne iya hana ci gaban da kuma ci gaban da yawa sauran shuke-shuke.
• wake slows da girma da spring alkama.
• haskaka da tushen wheatgrass mugun shafi ba kawai sauran ganye, kuma shrubs, amma kuma itatuwa.

Animals ma asirce wani abu - pheromones cewa zai iya tasiri cikin hali na mutane da kuma ci gaban wani irin. Su kuma iya aika bayanai da sauran jinsunan.

Kadaici da ilimin aiki abubuwa halayyar da kwayoyin. Alal misali, yadu da aka sani maganin rigakafi kamar penicillin da streptomycin.

kungiyar sakamako

Group sakamako - ne ingantawa duk matakai, wadda take kaiwa zuwa maximizing viability na mutane a lokacin da suka cohabitation. Wannan yanayin ya bayyana a cikin wani babban yawan jinsunan cewa zai iya kullum haifa da kuma girma ne kawai idan su a haɗe a cikin kananan ko manyan kungiyoyin.

Iri biotic dangantaka dogara ne a kan mazauninsu na dabbobi da kuma hanyoyin da su zama. Alal misali, domin tsira wani garke, giwayen Afrika, shi ya kamata ba kasa da talatin mutane.

gasar

Biotic connection, a lokacin da akwai dangantaka tsakanin mutane na wannan ko jinsuna daban, wanda amfani da wannan albarkatun at su gagarumin hasara, kira gasar. Intraspecific gasar iya muhimmanci ƙara tsanani da zabin yanayi. A mafi m misali na wannan tsari ne mai kai-thinning spruce.

Amma kuma mafi yawansu interspecific gasar ne halayyar da irin ecologically kama jinsuna ko alƙarya da jinsuna daban. Yana iya zama duka m da kuma aiki. A farko shafi yin amfani da albarkatun kasa da ake bukata domin da iri. Kuma a lokacin da na biyu da aka suppressed daya jinsuna ta hanyar wani.

Competition ne daya daga cikin babban dalilan da ya sa wasu nau'in kuma halin da irin wannan hanya ta rayuwa, hali da kuma abinci bayani dalla-dalla, ba zai iya rayuwa tare a daya al'umma. Irin wannan gasar iya juya cikin rashin jituwa.

predation

Biotic connection a cikin yanayi, wanda aka halin a wannan hanya foraging, kamar yadda kamawa, da kuma kashe dabbobi makale ci kira predation. Dalili na irin wannan dangantaka ne abinci sadarwar da abinci sarkar. Predator kashe ganima farko, kuma kawai sai ya ci shi. Amma kafin wannan shi wajibi ne don kama. A saboda wannan dalili, kowane daga cikin predator yana da wani musamman na'urar. Tarihi, cewa wadanda suna da m abubuwa. Alal misali, harsashi, spines, da zangarniya, mai guba da kuma m canza launi gland shine yake.

Godiya ga wadannan juna adaptations da kuma kafa kungiyoyin na kwayoyin - da yara da kuma ganima. Ka'idojin dangantakar kafa biyu aka gyara tsari da lambar.

Har kwanan nan, masana kimiyya zaci cewa duka yara - miyagun mutane na duniya, don haka suna bukatar su hallaka. Duk da haka, wannan ra'ayi ba daidai ba ne. Irin ayyuka za su yi mummunan duniya abubuwan. Akwai wani hadarin cũta ba kawai namun daji, amma kuma dukan tattalin arzikin.

symbiosis

Biotic connection a cikin yanayi, a lokacin da daya daga cikin abokan (ko duka biyu) ya amfana da dangantaka da juna, da ake kira symbiosis.

A duniya akwai misalai masu yawa na moriyar juna symbiosis. Alal misali, na ciki da kuma na hanji kwayoyin cuta, wanda shi ne ba zai yiwu ba tare da narkewa kamar tsari. Ko pollination wasu orchids, wanda pollen iya kawai kawo wani irin kwaro. Irin wannan dangantaka ne nasara a lõkacin da suka ƙara da alama na biyu tãrayya ga tsira.

A wasu kalmomi - yana da cikakken duk wani nau'i na dangantaka tsakanin kwayoyin daban-daban jinsunan (wannan ya hada da parasitism - musamman irin dangantakar da amfani ga daya abokin tarayya, amma cutarwa ga wasu).

Symbiosis, wanda zai zama da amfani ga duka wakilan kira mutualism. Amma commensalism - wannan dangantaka da amfani ga daya, amma sha'aninsu dabam da sauran. Endosymbiosis - da ikon na daya abokin rayuwa a ciki sauran Kwayoyin.

mutualism

Mafi na kowa nau'i na hadin gwiwa cohabitation aka dauke mutualism. Biotic dangantaka a cikin yanayi (9 aji manhaja da cikakken kwatanci na magana) a cikin nau'i na mutualism sa da zama dole yanayin - wanzuwar biyu abokan. A wannan connection, kowane daga cikin abokan samun da amfani. Alal misali, daya abokin amfani da wasu a matsayin ikon source, da kuma na biyu shi ne karkashin kariyar makiya ko a sharadi gwargwado ga ci gaba da kuma haifuwa.

Kowaccen mutualistic nau'i-nau'i ne m, da kuma moriyar juna taso kawai daga gaskiya cewa sakamakon amfanin outweigh da halin kaka, wanda ake bukata domin kula da dangantaka.

Amfanar da dangantaka ma kafa saboda halayya halayen. Misalan biotic mutualism dangantakar - tsuntsaye hada da kansa samar da lantarki, da kuma a lokaci guda ne rabawa na tsaba. Wani lokaci akwai jiki dangantaka.

Kusa lamba tare da jinsin mutualism inganta hadin gwiwa juyin halitta. Wani misali na wannan na'urar ne cewa kafa a cikin furanni da kuma su hure.

commensalism

Biotic connection (Grade 9) ne iri uku commensalism:

1. Amfani da sauran iri abinci.
2. A haɗe zuwa wani jiki, wanda ya zama "mai gida".
3. Shirya a ciki gabobin da rundunar.

Dangantaka da wannan irin suke da muhimmanci sosai ga yanayi, kamar yadda suka ba da damar kowane yanki na duniya su zauna tare da babban yawan jinsunan, kazalika zai yiwu don Master yanayi da kuma yin amfani da abinci albarkatu.

Duk da haka, sau da yawa sosai da irin wannan sadarwar da aka canza kama zuwa sauran dangantaka. Lokacin cin abinci ya fara cutar da rundunar sojoji, sa'an nan da dangantaka da gaba, da kuma zama parasitism ko gasar.

parasitism

Parasitism - wani irin dangantaka a cikin abin da m yana amfani da rundunar matsayin farko zama da kuma wani ikon Madogararsa. Biotic connection (tebur da aka bayar a cikin labarin) bayyana da irin wannan samfurori haka Gwamuwar: m settles a cikin rundunar ko a kan bãyan tẽkun. Parasitism iya faruwa tsakanin daban-daban kungiyoyin na kwayoyin (shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da fungi da mutum).

A Physiology na m ta rayuwa shi ne batun da wata rundunar tafiyar matakai. Saboda haka, ga m zama bukatar yin amfani da nazarin halittu albarkatun. A daina akwai Gwamuwar, da mafi alhẽri bayyanar da m adapts da mai shi, kuma Yanã kasa lalacewa.