A gabatarwar da asasshe, da lokacin da NEP

A 1920 akwai gabatarwar da asasshe. War Kwaminisanci gaba daya hallaka masu zaman kansu dukiya a Rasha. Wannan ya kai ga wani zurfin matsalar tattalin arziki a kasar. Gabatarwa na asasshe kamata inganta halin da ake ciki. Duk da haka, da yawa masana tarihi da kuma 'yan jarida zaton daban. Sun yi imani da cewa manufar War Kwaminisanci aka yi nufi ga "share fagen" ga kasashen waje babban birnin kasar. Kamar shi ko a'a, amma waje "ba jari hujja" kamfanonin da gaske ya fara samun m hakkokin tattalin arziki da ayyukan. Manufofin da "ja tsõro", da ragi, watau, da ainihin fashi da yawan jama'a a cikin West aka yi watsi da har yanzu. Duk da haka, bayan da kawar da duk kasashen waje asasshe duk kasashen waje masana tarihi, 'yan siyasa da kuma jama'a Figures sun fara magana game da kare hakkin dan adam, game da taro repressions, da dai sauransu Abin da ya faru a gaskiya? Shi ne har yanzu ba a sani ba. Duk da haka, shekara guda da gabatarwar da asasshe - da shekara lokacin da kasar da aka kone a kasa. Amma da farko, kadan ka'idar.

Abin da sauƙaƙewa ne

"Amincewa" a Latin nufin "izni", "aiki". Wannan bayarwa na jihar-of-aiki zuwa kasashen waje ko cikin gida mahaluži wani ɓangare na da albarkatun kasa, da samar capacities na masana'antu. Yawanci, irin wannan awo da aka dauka a lokacin rikicin, a lokacin da jihar ne ba iya tsayar da nasu samar. Gabatarwa sauƙaƙewa damar don sake gina tattalin arziki, samar da ayyukan yi da kuma tsabar kudi gudana. Big rawa ga kasashen waje babban birnin kasar domin dalilin cewa masu zuba jari suna son biya kudin kasashen waje da kuma daga cikin gida da 'yan kawai ba zai iya iya.

Gabatarwa na asasshe: da kwanan wata a cikin tarihi na Soviet Rasha

A 1920, umartar SNK "A asasshe". A shekara kafin hukuma shela da NEP. Ko da yake aikin da aka tattauna a 1918.

Abstracts na asasshe, a 1918: m, ko pragmatism

Wasu 'yan jarida da kuma masana tarihi a yau magana game da jawo waje babban birnin kasar zuwa Soviet Rasha a matsayin kasa cin amana, da kuma kasar da kanta da aka mai suna babban birnin kasar na mallaka karkashin haske taken na gurguzanci da kwaminisanci. Duk da haka, za ka iya tantance labarin abstracts, 1918, domin mu fahimci ko wannan a gaskiya:

1. Asasshe kamata ba hanya zuwa rinjayar kasashen waje ya kasance kadan.
2. Harkokin waje masu zuba jari da su bi hanyar da ciki Soviet dokokin.
3. A kowane lokaci, da yarjewa iya fanshe ta masu.
4. A jihar dole ne dole sami rabo a gudanar da Enterprises.

Gaskiyar cewa hukumomi na wani m tsarin kula da wannan batu, shi za a iya kammala a kan daftarin na farko da irin wannan kamfanoni a cikin Urals. Yana da aka zaci cewa Izini babban birnin kasar na miliyan 500 rubles da su zuba jari 200 gwamnati, 200 -. Domestic zuba jari da kuma kawai 100 - waje. Mun yarda cewa irin wannan rashin lafiya rinjayar waje bankers a cikin sassa na tattalin arziki ne kadan. Duk da haka, da arzikin masu arziki ba za su zuba jari a karkashin irin wannan yanayi. A cikin hannãyen "predator" zo Jamus, tare da sararin albarkatu. American da kuma Turai bankers ne don haka m da kai hõre yanayi Jamus, cewa irin wannan shawarwari daga Rasha sun kawai ba su da sha'awar. Arzikin masu arziki da yi fashi kasar, da kuma ba wajen samar da su. Saboda haka, a shekarar 1918, da rubutun zauna kawai a kan takarda. Next, yakin basasa ya fara.

A tabarbarewar halin da ake ciki a kasar

By 1921, kasar da ke cikin zurfin rikicin. A yakin duniya na farko, baki, yakin basasa ya haifar da sakamakon:

• ¼ na duk kasa da dũkiya da aka halaka. Production na mai, da kwal halved idan aka kwatanta da 1913. Wannan ya kai ga man fetur, masana'antu rikicin.
• Karya duk fatauci dangantakar da jari hujja kasashen. A sakamakon haka, kasar mu ga yana kokarin jimre da matsaloli kadai.
• Alƙaluma da rikicin. Human asarar da aka kiyasta a miliyan 25. Man. Wannan ya hada da m asarar da ba a haifa ba.

Baya daga yaƙe-yaƙe, shi ya tabbatar m manufar yaki kwaminisanci. Requisitioning gaba daya hallaka aikin noma. Farmers kawai bai sa hankali ga girma amfanin gona, kamar yadda suka san cewa za su zo su karɓe duk requisition. Farmers ba kawai sun daina ba da kayayyakin, amma kuma fara tashi a gwagwarmaya da makamai a Tambov, a cikin Kuban yankin, Siberia, da dai sauransu

A 1921, da riga catastrophic halin da ake ciki a fannonin aikin noma ya dada tabarbare shi fari. Production na hatsi ma halved.

Duk wannan ya haddasa gabatarwar da New Tattalin Policy (NEP). Abin da ake nufi a zahiri a cire mayar da ƙi tsarin jari hujja.

The New Tattalin Policy

A cikin X Congress na RCP (B) soma wani shakka wanda aka kira "New Tattalin Policy". Wannan yana nufin miƙa mulki ga kasuwar dangantakar da yarjejeniyoyin da ragi a cikin aikin noma, sake mayar da shi tare da haraji a irin. Irin matakan muhimmanci inganta da yanayin manoma. Hakika, ta'addi sun sa'an nan. Alal misali, ya wajaba auku a kowace shekara zuwa 20 kilo da saniya a wasu yankuna. Ta yaya wannan za a iya yi a kowace shekara? M. Ba za ka iya yanka da wani nama a shekara ta saniya ba tare da kashe. Amma shi ya riga ya kasance ta'addi a cikin filin. A general, gabatarwar da haraji a irin - mai yawa fiye da m gwargwado, maimakon a ɗan fashi da makami requisition manoma.

Active faru gudanarwa ta asasshe (NEP zamani). Wannan lokaci da aka amfani kawai zuwa kasashen waje babban birnin kasar kamar yadda waje masu zuba jari sun ki Co-management na Enterprises da kuma m masu zuba jari ba. A lokacin NEP da hukumomi suka fara wani kuma baya da aiwatar da denationalisation. Don tsohon masu koma ga kananan da kuma matsakaici-sized Enterprises. Harkokin waje masu zuba jari iya hayan Soviet Enterprises.

Active gabatarwar asasshe: NEP

Tun 1921, An ci gaban da kamfanin, hayarsa ko sayi ta waje masu zuba jari. A 1922, akwai riga 15, a 1926 - 65. Wadannan kamfanoni aiki a filayen da manyan masana'antu, ma'adinai, metallurgical, woodworking. Total jimlar yawan ya kai fiye da 350, kamfanonin dukan lokaci.

Lenin kansa ya ba komai bane illa kawayeniya game da waje babban birnin kasar. Ya yi magana game da wauta yi imani da cewa "gurguzu Maraƙin" rungumi wani "jari hujja kerkẽci." Duk da haka, ba shi yiwuwa a cikin yanayi na jimlar halaka da kuma looting na kasar zuwa ga samun hanyoyin da za a mayar da tattalin arzikin kasar. Daga baya, cikin gabatarwar asasshe fara for ma'adanai. Wannan shi ne, jihar ya fara bada albarkatun zuwa kasashen waje da kamfanoni. Ba tare da shi, kamar yadda Lenin yi ĩmãni, ba shi yiwuwa a yi wani shiri GOERLO a fadin kasar. Wani abu kamar mun ga a shekarun 1990s. bayan da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet.

bita na yarjejeniya

Gabatarwa na asasshe - shi ne mai zama dole gwargwado, hade da yakin basasa, juyin, crises, da dai sauransu. Amma da tsakiyar 1920s. akwai wani sake tunani na wannan manufofin. Akwai dalilai da dama:

• Rikice-rikice tsakanin kasashen waje da kamfanoni da kuma} ananan hukumomi. Yammacin zuba jari saba wa da cikakken mulkin kai a cikin Enterprises. Private dukiya ba kawai gane a kasashen yamma, amma kuma addini kulle. A kasar mu ga irin wannan Enterprises sun maƙiya. Har ma a cikin manyan jam'iyyar ma'aikata kullum tafiya da magana da "cin amanar bukatun na juyin juya halin." Hakika, za su iya fahimta. Mutane da yawa suka yi jihãdi ga ra'ayin daidaici da kuma kauna, da kifar da bourgeoisie, da dai sauransu Yanzu dai itace cewa, tun kifar wasu arzikin masu arziki suka gayyace sauran.
• Harkokin waje masu suna kullum kokarin samun sabon zaɓuɓɓukanka da kuma gata.
• Jihohi da dama sun fara gane sabon jihar na Tarayyar Soviet, suna begen samun diyya ga nationalization na Enterprises. Soviet hukumomin sa baya da halaka da kuma baki. Wadannan sabani sun sa a takunkumi. Kasuwanci da aka hana su zuwa Soviet kasuwar. By tsakiyar 20s. XX karni aikace-aikace na asasshe ne a sau kasa.
• By 1926-1927, yau da kullum a kasar sun fara samun ma'auni na biya. Sai ya juya daga cewa wasu kamfanonin ketare ne fiye da 400% na shekara-shekara babban birnin kasar samu. A karafa masana'antu da talakawan yawan da aka low, game 8%. Duk da haka, a cikin aiki da shi ya kai fiye da 100%.

Duk wadannan abubuwan sun shafi makomar kasashen waje babban birnin kasar.

Takunkumin: tarihin maimata da ita kanta

An ban sha'awa al'amari, amma bayan shekaru 90 na tarihin tare da Western takunkumi maimaita. A twenties, su gabatarwar da aka saboda da ƙi na Soviet hukuma biya bashin na tsarist Rasha, kazalika da biya diyya ga nationalization. Jihohi da dama sun gane wannan saboda na Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin kasa. Bayan haka, mutane da yawa kamfanonin, musamman fasahar, shi da aka haramta gudanar da kasuwanci a kan tare da mu. New fasahar daina zo daga kasashen waje, da kuma amince da kayen suka hankali Phase fitar da ayyukan. Duk da haka, da Soviet hukuma sami hanyar fita, sai suka fara haya kwararru a kan mutum kwangila. Wannan ya haifar da shige da fice na Tarayyar Soviet da masana kimiyya, industrialists wanda ya fara haifar a kasar wani sabon high-tech Enterprises, da kuma kayan aiki. asasshe rabo karshe an shãfe haske.

A karshen waje babban birnin kasar a cikin Tarayyar Soviet

A watan Maris 1930, shi ya sanya hannu kwanan nan wata yarjejeniya tare da kamfanin "Leo Verke" a cikin yi na hakori kayayyakin. A general, kamfanonin ketare sun riga gane, da jima yana kan, kuma sannu a hankali janye daga Soviet kasuwar.

A Disamba 1930, shi ke umartar banning duk amince da kayen da yarjejeniyar. Glavkontsesskom (SCC) an rage zuwa matsayin da dokar m, wanda aka tsunduma a tare da shawara da sauran kamfanoni. By cewa lokaci, da Tarayyar Soviet kayayyakin masana'antu da aka tabbatacce dakatar Western takunkumi. The kawai samfurin cewa ya yarda mana mu sayar a kasuwar kasa da kasa - burodi. Wannan shi ne abin da ya haifar da m yunwa. Hatsi - kadai samfurin ga wanda Tarayyar Soviet ne kudin domin dole sake fasalin. A wannan halin da ake ciki da kuma haifar da wani tsarin da na gama da kuma jihar gonaki ga manyan-sikelin collectivization.

ƙarshe

Saboda haka, gabatarwar asasshe (da shekara na Tarayyar Soviet - 1921) ya auku a matsayin wajibi gwargwado. A 1930, gwamnatin hukumance soke duk baya kammala yarjejeniyar, ko da yake wasu kamfanonin da aka yarda su kasance kamar wani togiya.