A tarihin na takarda. papermaking

A tarihin takarda ya kasance nan ga dubban shekaru, da kuma har yanzu shi ya kasance ya fi kowa wajen watsa bayanai hoto ko alama hanyar. Amma ita ma ta samu ta yin amfani a rayuwar yau da kullum, kamar yadda wani marufi abu, a cikin ciki, kuma ga hygienic dalilai.

Tare da taimakon zane daukar kwayar cutar via zana hotunan. Idan a baya yana iya kasance na farko Schematic da almara na abubuwa da mamaki na kewaye mutane, amma yanzu da takarda buga wani photo da high daki-daki, kusa yadda ya kamata nuna kewaye gaskiya.

Amma a lokacin da ta je rubuce-rubuce, shi ya bayyana da yawa a baya fiye da aka haife daga takarda. A baya, wannan abu ya kasance mai yawa zabi. Wasu daga cikin su, a gaskiya, suna da mafi m. Amma a cikin takarda ne da abũbuwan amfãni, wanda a yarda ta samun irin wannan tartsatsi ne. Wannan tsari na faruwa a musamman iri-irin. Idan kasar Sin san game da takarda ko da kafin mu zamanin, al'adun Turai tsiwirwirinsu samun shi ne kawai a tsakiyar zamanai.

Papermaking aka modified tare da zuwan sabuwar fasahar. Bugu da ƙari, wannan yana sa duka biyu da bukatun da sabon bugu da fasaha, da kuma hanyoyin da ta samu. Idan a baya domin ta samar aka bukata don aiwatar da masana'anta, sa'an nan tare da zuwan da juyin juya halin masana'antu da kuma rantsar da ɓangaren litattafan almara canza.

Kada rashin sanin cikakken farashi da darajar da takarda a cikin ci gaban al'umma - ta hanyar almarar da kuma kimiyya wallafe. Availability littattafai taka leda a babbar rawar a cikin samuwar, wanda ya kawo fasaha ci gaba.

A yanzu lokaci da rawar da takarda an rage, amma ko da tare da zuwan lantarki daftarin aiki duk dacewa takardunku da su abu embodiment, ko kudin Notes ko wani katin shaida.

Menene takarda

A duniya ta yau muna amfani da takarda kayayyakin a yau da kullum amfani, wani lokacin ba tare da ko da tunani game da shi. Mun sadu da ita a gida da kuma a aiki. Ana amfani da shi don talla, shi aka buga a receipts domin sayi kaya, da kuma, a karshen, mafi sau da yawa muka biya domin sayan takarda banknotes.

A tarihin takarda asali nufin amfani da shi don adana da kuma watsa shi na ilmi. Yanzu wannan rawa da aka bai wa littattafan, wasu 'yan takardu, jaridu da sauran buga kayan na bayanai hali.

A ado ga takarda amfani da samar da bango wallpaper, photo bugu, da kuma matsayin tushen zane-zane da kwafi.

Kamar yadda littattafai na marufi paperboard amfani. Daga an samar da wata babbar akwati ga harkokin sufuri na kaya, kazalika da kananan jakunkuna da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, ko madara.

Takarda da ruwa alamomi da sauran digiri na kariya amfani for muhimmanci takardun, wanda aka bayar a guda kwafin: bogi, da takardun shaida na rajista, lasisi da sauransu. Production da takarda a kan wani irin fasahar da aka yi amfani da don samar da banknotes.

A takarda a cikin nau'i na tef amfani ga readout instrumentation a magani da kuma kimiyya. Wannan shi ne hankula ga kayan aiki da cewa ba a tsara aiki tare da dijital kafofin watsa labarai.

ƙarshe

A zamanin d siffofin dabbobi da farauta domin su, sanya ta m kabilan za a iya samu a kan garun kogwanni. A farko suke dashi Masar rubuce-rubuce da aka ma kwarzana a kan dutse slabs. Sun kasance sũ ne mãsu nauyi, kuma aiki tare da su na bukatar wasu fasaha daga ubangijinsa. Tare da ci gaban masana'antu fara amfani da karfe faranti, amma rubutu kowane lokaci yana zuwa da za a amfani da simintin tsari, wanda shi ma m.

A Bagadaza ƙirƙira mafi m abu don rikodi. Sumerians amfani lãka Allunan to su cuneiform. Ya quite dace hanya: da taushi lãka ne dace don rubuta bushe Allunan kasance gwada da sauki. Amma sai suka kasance quite gaggautsa.

Amma zamanin d Masarawa a cikin na uku Millennium BC, ƙirƙira Papyrus, wanda zai iya da gaskiya da za a dauke da precursor na takarda. An sanya daga wannan shuka, wanda ke tsiro a cikin Nile. Domin kai tsaye samarwa amfani da ciki fiber kashi, wanda aka rabu da kara. A rabu fiber yadudduka superimposed transversely zumunta da juna da kuma sanya karkashin latsa. Kamar yadda m bayyana kamar kansa ruwan 'ya'yan itace shuke-shuke da kuma a cike da laka Nile ruwa arziki silt adibas da kuma slime, da kuma tausasa burodi marmashi. A sakamakon zanen gado da aka gam tare a cikin littafin. Yana hanya ce mai kyau ajiye records, Papyrus ya haske, da sauki kai, kuma shi za a iya rubuta ayoyin girma ciki.

Haihuwa na takarda

Halittar farko takarda na Sin siliki ya yiwuwa kafin mu zamanin. Amma ta daidai wurin asalin da kuma lokacin da ya faru shi ne ba a sani ba. A cikin shakka daga archaeological tono scraps takarda da aka samu a cikin binne wadda take ta zamanin da wadda ta gabãta da Han da daular. Amma da farko takarda, kazalika da Papyrus, ya tsada sosai. Saboda haka, yayin da a cikin shakka kasance mafi kowa katako plaques a kan wanda konewa zafi rubutu da alkalami tip.

An sani cewa a cikin shekara 105 da sarki ta shawara Cai Lun Ministan ni'imtar da ita take da sauran karrama shi da taimako ga kyautata na takarda yin fasaha. Domin ta samar aka kawai ƙaryata cocoons na da silkworm ko masana'anta scraps samu daga ciki haushi Mulberry itace. Suka kasu kashi kananan guda, sa'an nan pulverized a turmi zuwa lafiya foda kusan. A sakamakon taro da aka gauraye da ruwa mai tsarkakẽwa zuwa kama slurry, wanda aka sa'an nan dage farawa a cikin bamboo kafa sieve. Frames daga sãsanninta aka kafa takardar size, da kuma takware yuwuwa iska airflow kuma, kamar yadda wani sakamako, m bushewa. Don santsi daga cikin raga juna, da takardar da aka sanya tsakanin biyu goge dutse saman. Saboda haka, shi lokaci guda, a santsi da kuma lafiya.

Bayan da sabuwar dabara na wannan Hanyar kara aiwatar da yin takarda da aka inganta quite da sauri. A fasahar fara amfani da musamman nauyin qagaggun dangane da sitaci da adhesives na halitta asalin, wanda sanya takardar mafi m. A karfe akai ba kawai siliki fiber, amma kuma sauran auduga da lilin, da kuma hemp yarn, wanda yawanci shi ne a cikin yi da igiyoyi.

An madadin to takarda

Tare da koyarwa na kasar Sin da addinin Buddha ya faru rarraba littattafai a hankali tuntužar tare da shi zuwa Korea da Japan, da bi, su dauki kan kwarewa da kuma a cikin takarda masana'antu. Har ila yau, takardar yin fasaha da kuma halittarsa sun ƙware da kasashen makwabta na Asiya ta tsakiya da kuma gabas ta tsakiya. Amma a kan Turai nahiyar takarda zo ne kawai bayan ci daga Spain da Larabawa.

Hakika, kafin ta watsa don amfani madadin kayan for rubutu texts. Tun zamanin da, da tsada Papyrus aka maye gurbinsu da takardar da kakin Allunan.

A karshen ne wani katako, farantin, a kan wanda wani bakin ciki Layer da kakin aka amfani. Ga kayan aiki da rubuce-rubuce ne mai ɗamfarar karfe sanda, gefe daya daga wanda aka wasa for haruffa, da kuma wani na biyu, lebur, scraping faru, bayan da rubutu za a iya sake-rubuce. Wannan hanya da aka yadu amfani da rubuce-rubuce koyo da kuma wucin gadi yanayin records har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai.

Domin a more dogon lokacin da amfani da takardar amfani da dabba konkoma karãtunsa fãtun musamman miya. A fata masana'antu fata na tumaki ko awaki aka tsomasu a tsanake cikin sayar da giya, tausasa kuma matsa. Babban amfani da parchment shi ne cewa shi ba ka damar rubuta a kan shi daga bangarorin biyu. Saboda haka, na farko Turai littattafai da aka sanya saboda shi.

A zamanin d Rasha amfani Birch haushi. Amma, abin takaici, to sun tsira kawai karamin yawan haruffa rubuta a kan shi.

A precursors na zamani takarda

A tarihin na takarda a halin yanzu form bai wanzu har da 18th karni. Daban-daban samar da fasaha, dangane da kayan amfani, ko Rags ko itace.

Ƙoƙarin yin amfani da kai tsaye itace zaruruwa ba su ba da wani gagarumin sakamakon. Ko da yake kasar Sin ta samu nasarar amfani da bamboo a karshen na farko Millennium AD.

Advantageously, da albarkatun kasa domin littafin da takarda da sharar gida takarda aiki, a matsayin wani tsohon tsofaffin tufafi daga zane yadudduka. A nan a cikin jaridar ya mai rahusa abu, kamar karmami. Saboda haka da yawa don haka, cewa su tashi deficits, wasu kasashen ko gabatar da wani ban a kan fitarwa Rags. Kuma a Amurka akwai wani halin da ake ciki, a lokacin da littafin firintocinku sayar da littattafai kawai ga waɗanda suka zo da su raw kayan for aiki. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar da irin wannan wuce kima bukatar farashin zai girma, manyan zuwa fitowan da baki kasuwanni.

Yankakken albarkatun kasa da aka sanya a cikin wani babban mazubi na ruwa, da kuma sosai zuga har sai wani slurry jihar a lokacin da sanya shi a cikin wani cakuda barbashi fiye ko žasa gaba ɗaya. Asalinsu amfani da manual aiki, da kuma aikin cherpalschika aka sosai girmamawa. Yana bi da cewa semifinished samfurin ya kai da ake so jihar, sa'an nan lecturing slurry a kan wani sieve.

Daga baya ya bayyana niƙa ruwa dabaran abin da koran da shaft. Its inji makamashi yana daukar kwayar cutar zuwa nika na albarkatun kasa domin takarda ɓangaren litattafan almara. Kowane niƙa don nuna a fakaice exclusivity su samar da amfani mai hatimi ko watermark. A karfe raga diba waya sewn wani alama wadda ta bayyana kanta a cikin takarda ɓangaren litattafan almara bayan bushewa.

Daga cikin Spanish takarda kasuwanci gudun hijira zuwa wasu kasashen Turai. Italian Masters koya gwaji tare da sinadaran reagents. Farar takarda da aka samu ta hanyar bleaching tare da chlorine, da kuma yin amfani da Organic m welded dabba kashi ba a yarda ya sha tawada.

A pre-Petrine zamanin, kasar mu sayi takarda daga Faransa da kuma Italiya, kuma kawai a 1714 aza farko ruwa niƙa ga mechanization na samar da tsari. Amma duk da wasu fada bayan kasashen Turai da Asiya, shi ya can suka zo tare da wata hanya ta haifar da wani niƙe takarda da ruwa da alãmarsu, wanda ya ba da Sin ko larabawa.

Cellulose, da kuma juyin juya halin masana'antu

A tarihin takarda ya halartar babban canje-canje bayan nazarin abun da ke ciki na itace da kuma bayyanar da yi takarda ba tare da wata alama Grid.

Opening na ɓangaren litattafan almara, a 1719 mallakar da Faransa sunadarai Rene Reaumur. Shi ya fara kirkiro da amfani a samar da tsari. Cellulose ne m Layer na polymer na glucose kwayoyin wanda ƙirƙirar shãmaki a cikin abun da ke ciki na cell bango. Kan aiwatar da ta warewa daga itace ko ciyawa zaruruwa daukan wuri a karkashin mataki na reagents lazimta a kansu kasa barga abubuwa dauke a cikin sel. A mafi cellulose abun ciki a cikin shuka, da mafi m shi ne samu daga takarda. Amma tare da fitowan na takarda inji ne albarkatun kasa da aka yi amfani da ko'ina.

A farko inji don samar da high quality-takarda ya bayyana a Ingila ba tare da wata alama daga layin wutar lantarki na. Amma yayin da shi ne har yanzu sanya na flax sharar Rags, wanda aka niƙa a wani musamman naúrar kira "yi". Ɓangaren litattafan almara aza ba a kan wani karfe sieve, da kuma musamman masana'anta tam woven. A sakamakon zanen gado da ake kira "Whatman" a cikin girmamawa ga mai shi daga cikin factory, suna da wani rarrabe smoothness da creaminess. Wannan yarda da kwarewa watercolor dabaru domin rubutu zanen, zamiya da manyan matsayi na zane da kuma fenti.

Amma da bukatar da takardar da aka babbar. Don ƙara da yawa, wata takarda inji. Rolls pulverized sawdust, sharar gida itace samar, wanda aka sa'an nan kuma sanya a acidic ko alkaline matsakaici, inda tsakiyan nonon dauki na itace zaruruwa da cellulose kasaftawa. A sakamakon taro na takarda semifinished swelled, da mamaye ruwa. Sa'an nan kuma ya ya conventionally a yi la'akari untreated takarda. Amma a siffar da slurry aka yi birgima tsakanin biyu counter-juyawa shafts tare da jan karfe raga. Kamar wancan fito takarda Rolls. A sauki takarda samu bayan yankan ta musamman wukake. Wannan tsari yarda da takarda don ƙirƙirar wani size da yawa a cikin wata babbar dama da kusan atomatik hanya.

Dangane da akayi amfani a ɓangaren litattafan almara ya gabatar na musamman Additives. Alal misali, hasken-m bangaren da aka sarrafa musamman takarda "photo", shi yana da nasaba da gaskiyar cewa bayyanar hotunan da za'ayi a cikin wani daki mai jan haske da launi. A canza launi da zanen gado ba da ake so tabarau.

Rawar da takarda a cikin ci gaban da mutãne

Dogon lokaci, da samar da takarda da aka cinikayya asirin wata iyaka da'irar masu. Kan aiwatar da ta yi shi ne musamman lokaci-cinyewa. A tarihin takarda, kazalika da yin amfani, da aka daman na arziki aji wakilan da suka kasance a rubutu, karanta littattafai, inganta matakin ilimi.

A mafi m zama takarda kafofin watsa labarai, da sauri girma kudi da nemowa sabon bayanai fadi da kewayon mutane. Alal misali, Marco Polo ya rubuta wani littafi game da tafiyarka, shi karanta ta dubban mutane, kuma su hoto na duniya ya widened. Darwin ya bayyana karshe game da asalin jinsunan da suka zo da shi a cikin matasa, a lokacin da ya tafi a kan wani balaguro a kan da "Beagle".

Saboda haka tada matakin ilimi na al'umma, wanda a kaikaice ya kawo yau matakin na ci gaba. Bunƙasa bugu, kawar da buƙata domin hannunka-rubuce texts, daga baya ya bayyana typewriters, kuma a cikin kwamfuta shekaru - masu bugun dutse.

Modern iri takarda

Tarihin jawo takarda ya ba halartar manyan canje-canje. Creativity har yanzu bukaci m takarda manual da kuma masana'antu samar. Lokacin da aka zaba a farkon misali la'akari da abin da sha iya aiki, kamar yadda suka murƙushe zaruruwa. Abin da suka kasance ya fi girma, da more takarda ne wadanda ba muharramansu ba a lokacin da scraping.

Ofishin hur takarda ne da farko yi nufi ga ko Laser harsashi bugu. Ana kwafa da aka yi a kan irin wannan fasahar. Amma a baya ga wannan dalili shi aka yi amfani da carbon takarda, gefe daya daga wanda aka rufe da wani bakin ciki Layer na launin pigment. Yanzu an yi amfani ne kawai ga lokaci daya kwafi na rubutun hannu bayanai da kuma receipts.

Print dijital images ƙwarai rinjayi irin wannan abu a matsayin takarda. Photo buga a kan shi, da duka wani m surface da wani Matte. Feminism lafazin faransanci Laser ko inkjet printer da aka zaba domin daban-daban na takarda yawa. Har ila yau, ingancin takardar ka bukatar la'akari da lokacin da yin amfani da wasu tawada refilled harsashi.

Yarwa takarda handkerchiefs ne mafi m fiye da su zane takwarorinsu. Roll na bayan gida takarda da aka samar ba a arni na farko. Amma a Amurka da hali a lokacin da maimakon a yi ta samar da kundin na cheap shayari na taushi takarda ga kiwon lafiya dalilai. Wasu daga shi ne kõkanto, amma manufacturer asali yi cikinsa hada biyu matakai.

Takarda corrugated kwali irin sanya na gwada cheap raw kayan - rauno. Karko aka samu da zare bellows Layer dake tsakanin biyu zanen gado na kwali. Kamar wancan ne, da matsa lamba exerted da nauyi na abubuwa da aka tarwatsa saboda da na roba Layer wanda shi ne resistant zuwa nakasawa. Amma wannan kwamitin yana da wani bayyane hada da zaruruwa, saboda da porous irin zane na akwatin fita daga gare ta ake maras kyau a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ruwa, yayin da a duk wasu lokuta su ne sosai dace domin sufuri.

Domin marufi da kayayyakin abinci ta amfani da fasahar "Tetra Pak". A ciki Layer na kunshin a lamba tare da danshi, da abinci ne mai rufi tare da wani bakin ciki Layer da tsare. A matsanancin kartani ne mai haske da wani m surface, wanda ya sa sunan, abun da ke ciki da sauransu.

al'amurra

Takarda kafofin watsa labarai moribund. Duk da cewa karatu shi ne har yanzu Popular, takarda da littattafai, mujallu da jaridu ana sayi kasa akai-akai. Akwai su sauka a hankali maye lantarki takwarorinsu.

Karatu a kan aunawa kida suna ƙara adana electronically. Kuma sauki don ƙirƙirar takardun a digital form, sa'an nan tabbatar da shaidarka ta amfani da takardun shaida.

Amma yin amfani da takarda ne kullum girma a matsayin marufi material: kartani, da dama marufi, wrapping takarda ....

Duk da yake ba zai rasa da munasaba da tallata ta hanyar buga samar. Flyers, Banners, posters, leaflets, mika fita free kyauta kalandarku ba su bukatar manyan zuba jari, amma da kara alama wayar da kan jama'a.

A duk sassa inda yin amfani da kayan m zai zama mai rahusa, takardar za ta sami wuri ta. Har ila yau kada ka manta game da aikace-aikace a cikin filin na art. Duk da a bayyane amfanin kwamfuta graphics, zanen, ciki Popular, a mafi yawan lokuta, an har yanzu rubuta a kan takarda ko zane.

Kuma ko da yake da takarda daga wasu yankunan na rayuwa, shi ne har yanzu Popular a wasu.