A tawaye a Poland na 1830-1831: haddasawa, yaki, sakamakon

A 1830 - 1831 shekaru. yamma da Rasha Empire girgiza tawaye a Poland. National War fara kan bango na kara tauye hakkokin mazaunanta, kazalika da juyin juya halin a sauran kasashe na Old World. A jawabin da aka mur, amma ta amsa kuwwa shekaru da yawa don yada ko'ina a kasahen Turai da kuma yake da mafi nisa-kai aqibar Rasha ta suna a cikin duniya fagen fama.

prehistory

A babban ɓangare na Poland da aka annexed ta Rasha a 1815, bisa ga Congress of Vienna bayan da Napoleonic yaƙe-yaƙe. sabon jihar da aka halitta da tsarki na doka hanya. Sabon kafa Mulkin Poland ya kammala tare da Rasha sirri jam'iyya. A cewar dama sa'an nan Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I, wannan hukunci ya da wani m jayayya. A kasar riƙe da kansa tsarin mulki, da sojojin da kuma rage cin abinci, wanda ya ba a wasu yankunan na daular. Yanzu da Rasha monarch sa ma take da Polish sarki. A Warsaw, ya aka wakilta wani musamman gwamnan.

Yaren mutanen Poland tawaye ne kawai wani al'amari lokaci a lokacin da manufofin sun kasance a St. Petersburg. Alexander I aka san shi da liberalism, duk da cewa ba ya iya yanke shawara a kan wani m gyara a Rasha, inda akwai karfi matsayi na ra'ayin mazan jiya nobility. Saboda haka monarch gane su m ayyukan a cikin kasa bakin hanya daular - a Poland da kuma Finland. Duk da haka, ko da da mafi kirki nufi na Alexander Na yi girman sosai saba. A 1815, ya sanya Mulkin Poland m tsarin mulki, amma suka yi zalunci hakkokin 'yan kasarta a' yan shekaru, a lokacin da suke yin amfani da su cin gashin fara rusa dabaran na siyasa na Rasha gwamnonin. Saboda haka, a 1820, da Seimas bai warware juri gwaji, abin da Alexander so.

Jimawa kafin na farko katsalandan da aka gabatar a cikin mulkin. Duk wannan ne kawai gabatowa tawaye a Poland. Shekaru na Yaren mutanen Poland tawaye faru a cikin tsawon conservatism a cikin siyasa na daular. Reaction mulki a fadin jihar. A lokacin da a Poland a gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai a cikin tsakiyar lardunan Rasha sun kasance a cike kwalara tarzoma sa da annoba da kuma rigakafi.

da m na da hadari

The zuwa ga ikon Nicholas ban alkawari da Dogayen sanda wani indulgences. A sabon sarki sarautar ne da ke nuni fara tare da kama da kuma azãbar Decembrists. A Poland, A halin yanzu, ya tsananta m da anti-Russian motsi. A 1830 a Faransa akwai da Yuli juyin juya halin da kifar da gwamnatin Charles X, wanda kara m da magoya bayan m canje-canje.

A hankali, da nationalists lashe goyon bayan yawa da suka shahara tsarist jami'an (daga gare su ya General Iosif Hlopitsky). A juyin juya halin Musulunci yanayi ma yada wa ma'aikata da kuma dalibai. Dama-Bank Ukraine zauna domin da yawa disgruntled sa tuntuɓe. Sashe na Dogayen sanda sun gaskata cewa waɗannan ƙasashe ya kamãta da su ta dama, tun da sun kasance wani ɓangare na Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth, raba tsakanin Rasha, Austria da kuma Prussia a cikin marigayi XVIII karni.

Gwamnan na mulkin da aka sa'an nan Konstantin Pavlovich - da yayana na Nicholas I, ya barranta daga kursiyin bayan mutuwar Alexander I. A maƙarƙashiya aka faruwa su kashe shi, kuma ta haka ne ba a siginar zuwa kasar don fara bore. Duk da haka, wannan yunkuri a Poland akai-akai dakatarda. Konstantin Pavlovich san game da hadari da kuma bai bar gidansa a Warsaw.

A halin yanzu, a Turai, ya barke wani juyin juya halin da - wannan lokaci a Belgium. Katolika Faransa-magana ɓangare na Dutch yawan kasance a cikin ni'imar 'yancin kai. Nicholas I, wanda aka kira da "gendarme na Turai" a manifesto ta sanar da kin amincewa da Belgium taron. A Poland akwai jita-jita, da cewa sarki zai aika ta sojojinsa su kashe tawaye a yammacin Turai. Domin sunã shakka a cikinsa shirya na dauke da makamai tawaye a Warsaw, wannan labarai da aka ta karshe rauno. A tawaye da aka shirya domin Nuwamba 29, 1830.

Fara wani bore

A 6 pm a kan nada rana wani m kungiyar ta kai hari a Warsaw barikin, inda suka sa Guards Lancers. Yana fara da kisan kiyashin da jami'an wanda ya kasance da aminci ga fadar mulki. Daga cikin wadanda aka kashe shi ne ministan War Mauritsiy Gauke. Konstantin Pavlovich yi imani da cewa iyakacin duniya tare da hannun dama. Gwamnan kansa ya tsira. Ya yi gargadin kariya da ya gudu daga fadarsa ba tun kafin ya bayyana da Polish tawagar, ya hori kansa. Bayan barin Warsaw, Constantine ya kawo sojojin Rasha a waje da birnin. Tun Warsaw shi gaba daya a hannun 'yan tawaye.

Kashegari ya fara a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland gwamnati garambawul - Gudanarwa Council. Ya bar dukan pro-Rasha jami'ai. A hankali kafa wani da'irar da kuma soja shugabannin tawaye. Daya daga cikin protagonists zama Laftanar Janar Iosif Hlopitsky, wanda a taƙaice zabe fir'auna. A lokacin dukan adawa, ya yi kokari kamar yadda mafi kyau ya iya gudanar da shawarwari tare da Rasha diplomasiyya wajen, kamar yadda na fahimta cewa Dogayen sanda ba zai iya jimre da duk na sarki sojoji, a yayin da shi za a aika zuwa kashe tawaye. Józef Chłopicki wakilta dama reshe na 'yan tawaye. Bukatunsu da aka rage zuwa wani jayayya da Nicholas I, bisa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar na 1815.

Wani shugaban ya Michael Radziwill. Its matsayi da ya zauna daidai gaban. More m 'yan tawayen (ciki har da shi) ya shirya ya reconquer Poland, ya raba tsakanin Austria, Prussia da kuma Rasha. Bugu da kari, sun dauke nasu juyin juya halin a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani Turai-fadi tawaye (su main batu na reference aka Yuli juyin juya halin). Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa Dogayen sanda sun yi yawa lambobi da Faransa.

tattaunawar

Warsaw zama wani fifiko ga batun na wani sabon zartarwa. 4 Disamba tawaye a Poland bari wani muhimmin milestone - an halicce ta wucin gwamnatin, kunsha na mutane bakwai. Kansa ya zama Adam Czartoryski. Ya kasance mai kyau aboki na Alexander I, ya memba na asiri kwamitin, kuma ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin ministan harkokin waje na Rasha a 1804 - 1806 shekaru.

A duk da wannan gaba rana Józef Chłopicki ayyana kansa fir'auna. Rage cin abinci ya yi yaƙi da shi, amma da sabon shugaban adadi shi ne musamman rare a cikin mutane, saboda haka, majalisar ya koma baya. Józef Chłopicki bai tsaya a kan bikin tare da abokan gaba. Ya mai da hankali dukkan iko a hannunsa. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru na Nuwamba 29 a St. Petersburg aka aiko tsaida shawara. A Yaren mutanen Poland gefe ya nema su ta tsarin mulki, kazalika da riba a cikin nau'i na takwas larduna a Belarus da kuma Ukraine. Nicholas bai yarda to wadannan sharuddan, kawai alkawarin afuwa. Wannan martani ya kai ga kara Ɗaukaka daga cikin rikici.

Janairu 25, 1831 soma wani ƙuduri a kan detronizatsii Rasha monarch. A cewar wannan takarda, Mulkin Poland ba mallakar Nicholas titulature. A 'yan kwanaki kafin Józef Chłopicki rasa ikon da aka bar su bauta a cikin sojojin. Ya gane cewa kasashen Turai ba mai bude goyon bayan da Dogayen sanda, da kuma cewa nufi da cewa shan kashi na tayar da kayar baya ne sananne. Rage cin abinci ya kasance mafi m. Majalisar ta zartar da zartarwa Prince Mihailu Radzivillu. Diplomatic kayan aikin da aka jefar. Yanzu da Polish tawaye 1830 - 1831 shekaru. Sai ya juya cikin wani halin da ake ciki inda da rikici a iya warware kawai da karfi da makamai.

A ma'auni na sojojin

By Fabrairu 1831, 'yan tawayen gudanar ya kira a cikin sojojin game da 50 da mutane dubu. Wannan adadi kusan dace da adadin sojojin aika zuwa Poland Rasha. Duk da haka, ingancin sa kai raka'a sun yawa ƙananan. A musamman matsala halin da ake ciki ya kasance manyan bindigogi da mahayan dawakansa. Kashe da Nuwamba tawaye a St. Petersburg aika Count Ivan Dibicha-Zabalkansky. Events a Warsaw karfe daular m. Domin su mayar da hankali duk sojoji masu biyayya ga kasashen yammaci lardunan da shafi ake bukata 2 - 3 months.

Shi ne mai daraja lokaci, wanda da Dogayen sanda ba su da lokacin da za a yi amfani da. Józef Chłopicki sa a kai sojoji ba kai farmaki na farko, da kuma tarwatsa su sojojin a kan su mafi muhimmanci hanyoyi a cikin kasashen da ke karkashin iko. A halin yanzu Ivan Dibich-Zabalkansky dauki sababbin sojojin. By Fabrairu da ya yi a gun kasance game da 125 mutane dubu. Duk da haka, ya yi ba a gafartawa kuskure. Sauri ya magance wani hukunci duka, da count bai dauki lokaci zuwa tsara harkokin sufuri da abinci da harsasai ga sojojin da cewa yana yiwuwa yana da mummunan tasiri a kan rayuwar ta.

Grochowski yaƙi

A farko sojojin Rasha suka haye Polish iyaka, Fabrairu 6, 1831. Sassa koma a cikin daban-daban kwatance. The sojojin doki a karkashin umurnin Kipriana Kreytsa tafi zuwa ga Lublin lardin. A Rasha umurnin shirya ya gabatar da wani wasan shagala, wanda ya kamata ya karshe watsa makiya sojojin. A kasa-kwata 'yanci tawaye gaske suka fara samar bisa ga mãkirci, m ga fadar generals. Da dama Yaren mutanen Poland ƙungiyoyin tafi Serock da Pultusk, watse daga babban sojojin.

Amma ba zato ba tsammani yanayin shãmakace a yaƙin neman zaɓe. Narke ya fara, wanda ya hana da babban Rasha sojojin shirya ya tafi da hanya. Dibich ya yi kaifi nuna. A Fabrairu 14, akwai wani skirmish sojoji da kuma Janar Yuzefa Dvernitskogo Fedora Geysmara. Sandunan lashe. Kuma ko da yake ta yi ba musamman dabarun muhimmancin, da farko m nasara wahayi zuwa mayakan sa kai. Yaren mutanen Poland tawaye dauki bai tabbata ba.

Babban sojojin da 'yan tawaye kusa da garin tsaya Olszynka Grochowska, kare hanyoyin Warsaw. A nan a kan Fabrairu 25, kuma shi ne na farko kafa yaƙi. Dogayen sanda umarce Radzvill da Józef Chłopicki, Rasha - Dibich-Zabalkansky, a shekara kafin a fara yakin neman zabe ya zama wani filin marshal. Yaƙin dade duk rana da kuma kare kawai marigayi da yamma. A asarar kimanin guda (da Dogayen sanda 12 dubu mutane, a Rasha 9000). 'Yan tawayen aka tilasta tattara zuwa Warsaw. Ko da yake Rasha sojojin cimma wata dabara nasara, ta asarar wuce duk tsammanin. Bugu da kari, da harsasai da aka zuba, da kuma sabon daga ba zai yiwu ba saboda mummunan hanyoyi da kuma rushewa daga ãyõyiNa. A cikin wadannan yanayi Dibich bai yi kuskure ya Storm Warsaw.

horar da Dogayen sanda

Domin kusan bai matsawa gaba watanni biyu da sojojin. kullum kabilanci ya barke a cikin karkata daga Warsaw. A Rasha sojojin saboda matalauta hygienic yanayi fara wani kwalara cutar. A lokaci guda a fadin kasar da aka a yaƙin basasa. A cikin babban guda umurnin da Polish Army daga Michael Radzvilla wuce, zuwa ga Janar Yanu Skrzhinetskomu. Ya yanke shawarar kai farmaki da detachment a karkashin umurnin sarki, ɗan'uwan Mikhail Pavlovich da Janar Karl Bistrom, wanda yake a cikin kusanci da Ostrołęka.

A daidai wannan lokaci da 8000th rajimanti aka aiko a tarye Dibich. Ya yi don karkatar da babban Rasha sojojin. Dogayen sanda m rawar daji Wata mamaki ga abokan gaba. Mikhail Pavlovich da Bistros tare da masu gadi suka tattara. Dibich dogon yi imani da cewa Dogayen sanda yanke shawarar kai farmaki, har sai da ya karshe gano cewa wadanda kama Nur.

The yaƙi a Ostrołęka

A May 12, babban Rasha sojojin bar su Apartments su riske hagu Warsaw Dogayen sanda. The tsananta aka za'ayi makonni biyu. A karshe fyauce da avant-garde Polish raya. Tun da 26th biyo baya yakin Ostroleka, wanda shi ne mafi muhimmanci episode na yaƙin neman zaɓe. Dogayen sanda shared Narew. A farko m Rasha sojojin da aka kai hari da wani detachment a kan hagu banki. A 'yan tawayen suka fara ja da baya da sauri. Dibicha sojojin ketare Narew Ostroleka a kanta, bayan karshe barrantar da birnin maharan. Sun sanya da dama yunkurin kai farmaki cikin maharan, amma da kokarin zo da kome ba. Jerin gwanon gaba da Dogayen sanda akai-akai buga wani detachment a karkashin umurnin Janar Charles Mandershterna.

Tare da farko na biyu da rabi na rana ya shiga Rasha reinforcements cewa karshe ya yanke shawarar sakamakon da yaƙi. Na 30 dubu Dogayen sanda mutu game da 9000. Daga cikin wadanda aka kashe generals Kamenski da Heinrich Lyudvik Katsky. Farko na duhu taimake saurã daga cikin ci 'yan tawayen su gudu da baya ga babban birnin kasar.

Fall na Warsaw

Yuni 25 da sabon shugaban Rasha sojojin a Poland ya zama Count Ivan Paskevich. A mahallinsa ya 50 000 mutane. A St. Petersburg, da Count nema don kammala da shan kashi na Dogayen sanda, da kuma hana su Warsaw. A cikin 'yan tawaye a babban birnin kasar ya game 40 dubu mutane. A farko tsanani gwajin ga Paskevich ya mararraba na Vistula kogin. Aka yanke shawarar shawo kan ruwa shãmaki a kusa da kan iyaka da Prussia. By Yuli 8 mararraba aka kammala. A wannan yanayin, da 'yan tawaye ba su sa wani cikas inganta Rasha, fare a kan taro na da kansa sojojin a Warsaw.

A farkon watan Agusta, a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland babban birnin akwai wani garambawul. Wannan lokaci, maimakon ci Osterlenkoy Skrzhintsekogo ya zama kwamandan a manyan Heinrich Dembinski. Duk da haka, ya yi murabus bayan da labarai ya zo cewa Rasha sojojin sun riga ketare Vistula. A Warsaw, rashin tsari, da rashin bin doka. Kisa kasanta da wani fushi yan zanga-zanga, m ya ba da soja da alhakin m rauni.

Agusta 19, Paskevich zo zuwa gari. A mako biyu na gaba da aka gudanar a cikin shiri domin kai hari. Mutane daya-daya raka'a kãma gari na kusa zuwa karshe kewaye da babban birnin kasar. A storming na Warsaw fara ranar Satumba 6, a lokacin da Rasha dakaru sun kai hari a layi na kufaifan gina wa hana maharan. A tarzomar yaƙi ya ji rauni a cikin manyan Paskevich. Duk da haka, Rasha nasara bayyane. 7 Janar Krukovetsky samu daga 32000th sojojin, wanda ya gudu zuwa yamma. Satumba 8 Paskevich zo zuwa Warsaw. A babban birnin kasar da aka kama. A kashi bar warwatse kungiyoyin 'yan tawayen ya zama wani al'amari lokaci.

sakamakon

A karshe Polish soja samuwar gudu zuwa Prussia. 21 ga watan Oktoba sallamãwa Zamosc, da kuma 'yan tawayen sun rasa karshe kagara. Ko kafin cewa, shi ya fara wani m da gaggãwa ƙaura m sanda, sojoji da kuma iyalansu. Dubban iyalai ya zaunar a Faransa da kuma Ingila. Mutane da yawa kamar Yan Skrzhinetsky gudu zuwa Austria. A Turai, da National Liberation Movement a Poland, kamfanin da aka gaishe da juyayi da tausayi.

A Yaren mutanen Poland yunkuri na 1830 - 1831 shekaru. Yana kai ga cewa Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin da aka soke. Hukumomi sun gudanar da wani administrative garambawul a cikin mulkin. Lardin an maye gurbinsu a filin. Har ila yau, a Poland akwai wani janar da sauran na Rasha tsarin na kaya masu nauyi da kuma matakan da, kazalika da wannan kudi. Kafin wannan, da dama-banki Ukraine yana ƙarƙashin karfi al'adu da kuma addini rinjayar ta yammacin makwabcin. Yanzu a St. Petersburg mun yanke shawarar soke da Girkanci-cocin Katolika. "Wrong" Ukrainian parishes sun ko dai rufaffiyar ko zama Orthodox.

Ga mazauna yammacinta, Nicholas har na zama daidai da image na kama karya da kuma wani despot. Ko da yake babu jihar ya ba hukumance interceded ga 'yan tawayen, amsa kuwwar da Polish events shekaru da yawa da aka rarraba a Old World. Sun gudu, sunã mãsu hijira sun yi yawa ga ra'ayin jama'a game da Rasha a yarda kasashen Turai don seamlessly fara Crimean Yaƙi Nicholas.