A tsarin da cell cibiyar. Tsarin fasali na cell cibiyar

An tabbatar da cewa sel eukaryotic kwayoyin an gabatar da tsarin membranes, da wasu gabbansa kafa da furotin da kuma phospholipid abun da ke ciki. Duk da haka, wannan mulki akwai wani muhimmin togiya. Biyu organelle (cell cibiyar da ribosome), kazalika da wasu gabbansa da motsi (cilia da flagella) ne da ba-membrane tsarin. Abin da ake suka kafa? A cikin wannan takarda za mu yi kokarin gano wani amsar wannan tambaya, kazalika da nazarin tsarin da Kwayoyin na cell cibiyar, sau da yawa ake kira centrosome.

ko Kwayoyin dauke da duk cell cibiyar

A farko cewa sha'awar masana kimiyya - shi ne na zaɓi gaban wannan organelle. Saboda haka, ƙananan fungi - Chytridiomycota - kuma a cikin mafi girma da tsire-tsire shi ne ba. Kamar yadda shi dai itace, algae, a ɗan adam Kwayoyin kuma a mafi yawan dabbobi gaban cell cibiyar wajibi ne don effectuate tafiyar matakai na mitosis da meiosis. A farko hanya don raba somatic Kwayoyin, da kuma sauran - jima'i. M takara a duka matakai yarda da centrosome. Bambanta rarrabuwar ta centrioles da sandunan da rarraban cell da tensioning dogara sanda therebetween da kuma kara samar da filaments chromosome a haɗe zuwa wadannan yarns da sandunan da uwar cell.

Microscopic nazarin saukar fasali na cell cibiyar da tsarin. Ya qunshi daga daya zuwa dama m jikin - centrioles daga wanda diverge fanwise microtubules. Za mu yi nazarin a mafi daki-daki bayyanar da tsarin da cell cibiyar.

Centrosome a Interphase Kwayoyin

A cikin rayuwa sake zagayowar na sel na cikin cell cibiyar za a iya gani a lokacin kira Interphase. Kusa da tsakiya membrane ne yawanci shirya biyu microcylinder. Kowace daga cikinsu ta kunshi gina jiki tubules tattara uku guda (triplets). Nine na wadannan Tsarin samar da wata surface centrioles. Idan su biyu (wanda ya faru sau da yawa), suke located da juna a dama kusassari. A lokacin da rayuwar tsakanin Ƙungiyarku biyu da sifar tantanin halitta, a tsakiyar tantanin halitta ne kusan guda a duk eukaryotes.

A ultrastructure na centrosome

Don karatu a daki-daki, kyakkyawar sifar tantanin halitta cibiyar da aka sanya yiwu ta yin amfani da wani na'urar hange. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa centrosome cylinders da wadannan girma: ta tsawon - 0.3-0.5 microns, diamita - 0.2 microns. Number centrioles dole ninki biyu kafin division. Wannan wajibi ne a tabbatar da cewa sosai uwa da 'yar Kwayoyin samu ta hanyar rarraba cell cibiyar, kunsha na biyu centrioles. Features na cell cibiyar da tsarin ta'allaka ne da cewa centrioles cewa dokoki da shi, ba su m, daya daga cikinsu - girma (uwar) - ƙunshi ƙarin abubuwa: peritsentriolyarny da tauraron dan adam da kuma ta appendages. M centriole yana da wani takamaiman site kira cartwheel.

Halayyar centrosomes a lokacin mitosis

Sananne ne cewa ci gaban da kwayoyin, kazalika da ta haifuwa auku a firamare naúrar na namun daji matakin, wanda shi ne mai cell. Cell tsarin, wuri da kuma aiki na cell, kazalika da ta wasu gabbansa cytology dauke. Duk da cewa masu bincike sun gudanar da wani yawa bincike, da cell cibiyar har yanzu talauci gane, ko da yake da rawar a cell division su daki-daki gaba daya. A prophase na mitosis da meiosis a prophase na meiosis centrioles diverge wajen sandunan da uwar cell, da kuma karfafa samuwar thread dogara sanda. Su hašawa zuwa centromeres na chromosomes farko constriction. Me ya sa yake dole?

Anaphase dogara sanda cell

Gwaje-gwajen da Boveri, Neil A. da sauran masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa tsarin da cell cibiyar da ta ayyuka ne m. A gaban biyu centrioles, bipolar zubar game da sandunan da Kwayoyin, kuma Sharhuna dogara sanda therebetween tabbatar da wani ko da rarraba chromosomes haɗa zuwa microtubules, kowane daga cikin iyaye cell zura sandunan ɗaukarsa.

Saboda haka, chromosome lambar ne guda a 'yar Kwayoyin ta hanyar mitosis ko rabin (a meiosis) fiye da asali iyaye cell. Musamman ban sha'awa shi ne gaskiya cewa tsarin da cell cibiyar da correlative canje-canje hade da matakai na cell rai sake zagayowar.

Chemical bincike na wasu gabbansa

Don fahimtar aiki da kuma rawar da centrosome binciken abin da ake da gudanar da mahadi suke kunshe a abun da ke ciki. Kamar yadda za a iya sa ran, an haddasa sunadaran. Isar da shi a tuna cewa jikin tantanin sifa da aiki ne ma dogara a kan gaban peptide kwayoyin a cikin shi. Ka lura da cewa a cikin centrosome sunadaran mallaka motility. Su ne wani ɓangare na microtubules ake kira tubulins. Karatu da waje da kuma ciki tsarin da cell cibiyar, muka ambata karin abubuwa: peritsentriolyarnye da tauraron dan adam da kuma appendages centrioles. Sun hada da tseneksin da miritsitin.

Akwai kuma sunadarai cewa gwada musayar abubuwa organelle. Wannan kinase da phosphatase - takamaiman peptides alhakin microtubule nucleation, watau, ga samuwar aiki kwayoyin-iri, wanda ta fara da kira na radial girma da kuma microfilaments.

Cell cibiyar matsayin Oganeza na fibrous sunadaran

A cytology karshe ƙarfafa fahimtar da centrosome matsayin babban organelle alhakin samuwar microtubules. Godiya ga pooling nazarin K. Fultonamozhno gardamar cewa cell cibiyar samar da wannan tsari a cikin hudu hanyoyi. Ga misali: polymerizing filaments dogara sanda, forming protsentrioley, samar da wani radial tsarin na microtubules na Interphase Kwayoyin, kuma a karshe, kira na abubuwa a cikin primary cilium. Wannan ilimi na musamman, wanda shi ne halayyar ga iyaye centrioles. By nazarin tsarin da kuma aiki na jikin tantanin, da masu bincike gano shi a karkashin wani na'urar hange a cikin cell cibiyar bayan mitotic cell division, ko a farkon mitosis. A G2 mataki na Interphase kazalika a farkon matakai na prophase cilium vuya. Bisa ga sinadaran abun da ke ciki, shi kunshi kwayoyin da tubulin ne mai alama wanda za a iya ƙaddara da balagagge iyaye centriole. Tun da maturation na centrosomes ya faru? Ka yi la'akari da abin da nuances da wannan tsari.

Manzilõli samuwar centrioles

Cytology kafa da cewa na biyu da kuma iyaye centrioles, forming diplosomu ba daya suke ba a cikin tsarin. Saboda haka, balagagge tsarin fringed Layer peritsentriolyarnogo abu - mitotic Halo. Cikakken maturation ya centrioles zai dauki tsawon fiye da tsawon lokaci na daya rai sake zagayowar daga Kwayoyin. A karshen mataki na biyu na cell sake zagayowar G1 sabon centriole riga hidima a matsayin Oganeza na microtubules da kuma m, da su kafa wata dogara sanda zaren, da kuma zuwa da samuwar na musamman organelle motsi. Su iya zama cilia da flagella faruwa a unicellular protozoa (msl, Euglena kore, ciliate-takalma), da kuma mutane da yawa da algae Chlamydomonas misali. Flagella microtubules kafa ta cikin cell cibiyar, sanye take da yawa algae spores da jam sel na dabbobi da mutane.

Da muhimmancin da centrosome a cell aiki

Mun gani cewa daya daga cikin mafi karami salula da wasu gabbansa (daukan kasa da 1% na Kwayoyin) taka wata rawar da haddasa a cikin rayuwa tsari na biyu shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin. Disturbances na dogara sanda entails da samuwar ya Kwayoyin suna genetically m. Su kafa na chromosomes ne daban-daban daga al'ada adadin, abu don chromosomal aberrations. A sakamakon - ci gaban da mahaukaci mutane ko su mutuwa. A magani, tabbatar da cewa dangantaka da yawan centrioles hadarin tasowa ciwon daji. Alal misali, idan da al'ada fata Kwayoyin dauke da biyu centrioles, da biopsy nama a fata ciwon daji ya bayyana karuwa a cikin yawan zuwa 4.6. Wadannan sakamakon su ne shaida da key rawar da centrosome a cikin iko da cell division. Recent gwaji data bayar da shawarar da muhimmiyar rawa da wannan organelle a cikin matakai na kwayuka kai. A musamman tsarin da cell cibiyar damar da shi da za a yi gyara ba a matsayin wani nau'i na sel, kuma ta canji. Kullum tasowa centrosome raka'a located kusa da Golgi na'ura, a kusa da tsakiya, da kuma tare da su samar da wani integrative da sigina ayyuka a aiwatar da mitosis, meiosis, da kuma kaddara cell mutuwa - apuptoza. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa zamani cytological dauke da wani muhimmanci unifying centrosome organelle Kwayoyin, shi ne alhakin biyu da rabo, da kuma dukan metabolism a general.