A tsauri danko na ruwa. Mene ne ta jiki da kuma inji ma'anar?

The ruwa aka bayyana a matsayin jiki na zahiri, da ikon canja siffar a wani siddan kananan tasiri a kan shi. Yawancin lokaci akwai biyu main iri taya da gas drip. Drip ruwa - wani ruwa a cikin saba ji: ruwa, kananzir da man fetur, man da sauransu. Gaseous ruwaye - gas wanda a karkashin al'ada yanayi ne, misali, gaseous abubuwa irin iska, nitrogen, propane, oxygen.

Wadannan mahadi ya bambanta a kwayoyin tsarin da kuma irin hulda na kwayoyin da juna. Duk da haka, daga cikin ra'ayi na makanikai, su ne ci gaba da kafofin watsa labarai. Kuma saboda wannan, domin sun gano wasu na kowa inji halaye: yawa, kuma musamman nauyi. da kuma ainihin jiki Properties: compressibility, thermal fadada, tensile ƙarfi, ƙarfi daga surface tashin hankali da kuma danko.

Karkashin danko fahimta dukiya daga wani ruwa abu tsayayya zamiya ko matsawa ta yadudduka ga juna. Jigon da ra'ayi ne da ya faru na gogayya sojojin tsakanin daban-daban yadudduka a cikin ruwa lokacin da su zumunta motsi. Rarrabe tsakanin manufar "tsauri danko na ruwa" da kuma ta "sanadin motsi danko". Next, dauki mukalli, abin ne bambanci tsakanin wadannan Concepts.

Basic Concepts da kuma girma

Danko sosai karfi F, wanda ya taso daga motsi dangi zuwa juna m yadudduka na jimlace ruwa ne kai tsaye na gwargwado ga gudu da yadudduka da su contact yanki S. Wannan karfi ayyukan a wani shugabanci perpendicular zuwa motsi, da kuma bayyana a Newton lissafi ne analytically

F = μS (ΔV) / (Δn),

inda (ΔV) / (Δn) = GV - da gudu dan tudu a cikin shugabanci na al'ada ga dabba ba a kanta segments.

A proportionality coefficient μ - ne tsauri danko, ko kuma kawai danko jimlace ruwa. Daga Newton ta lissafai shi ne

μ = F / (S ∙ GV).

A cikin jiki ji tsarin naúrar na danko ayyana a matsayin danko na matsakaici, a cikin abin da a naúrar gudu dan tudu GV = 1 cm / sec da square santimita na Layer frictional karfi ayyukan a 1 dyne. Haka kuma, da girma na naúra a cikin wannan tsarin da aka bayyana a cikin dynes ∙ s ∙ cm ^ (- 2) = r ∙ cm ^ (- 1) ∙ s ^ (- 1).

Wannan gwargwado aka kira wani mashahurin danko poise (P).

1 P = 0.1 Efes ∙ c = 0,0102 kgf ∙ da ∙ m ^ (- 2).

Aiwatar da karami raka'a, wato: P 1 = 100 centipoises (CPS) = 1000 mPas (millipuaz) = 1000000 INC (mikropuaz). A fasaha tsarin na naúra da danko darajar shan kgf ∙ da ∙ m ^ (- 2).

A cikin kasa da kasa tsarin naúrar na danko ayyana a matsayin danko na matsakaici, a cikin abin da a naúrar gudu dan tudu GV = 1 m / s zuwa 1 m da murabba'in mita daga cikin ruwa Layer addashin gogayya da karfi na 1 N (Newton). The girma dabi'u na μ a cikin SI da aka bayyana a cikin kg ∙ m ^ (- 1) ^ ∙ da (- 1).

Bugu da ari, halaye kamar tsauri danko ruwa gabatar ra'ayi a matsayin rabo na kinematic danko coefficient μ ga m yawa. Tamanin da kinematic danko auna a ya dana kunamar rura (1st Class = 1 cm ^ (2) / c).

A danko coefficient ne numerically daidaita da yawan zirga-zirga za'ayi a cikin motsi gas da naúrar lokaci a cikin shugabanci perpendicular zuwa motsi, da naúrar yankin a lokacin da motsi gudun bambanta da naúrar na gudu zuwa cikin gas yadudduka rabu da naúrar tsawon. Danko coefficient dogara a kan irin da jihar na kayan (zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba).

Dynamic danko da kuma kinematic danko taya da gas, to babban har ya dogara ne a kan zazzabi. An lura da cewa duka biyu da coefficient rage tare da kara yawan zafin jiki ga faduwa ruwa da kuma, conversely, ƙaruwa a matsayin da yawan zafin jiki yakan - for gas. Ba kamar wannan dogaro za a iya bayyana ta jiki da yanayin da hulda da kwayoyin a cikin droplet taya da gas.

A zahirin ma'anar

Daga cikin ra'ayinsa na kwayoyin sanadin motsi ka'idar gas danko sabon abu ta'allaka ne da cewa motsi matsakaici saboda da bazuwar tashin kwayoyin faruwa jeri yadudduka na daban-daban gudu. Saboda haka, idan na farko Layer a wani shugabanci motsi da sauri fiye da m cikinta na biyu Layer, da farko Layer na biyu motsi sauri DNA, da kuma mataimakin versa.

Saboda haka, na farko Layer o ƙarin tabbatar da hanzarta da motsi na biyu Layer, da kuma na biyu - to rage da motsi na farko. Saboda haka, duka adadin motsi na farko Layer za ta rage, da kuma na biyu - ƙara. A sakamakon canji a cikin wannan yawa na motsi halin da danko coefficient to gas.

A droplet sabanin gas, da ciki gogayya da wata gagarumar har da mataki na intermolecular sojojin. Kuma, tun da nisa tsakanin kwayoyin na cikin ruwa droplet ne kananan kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da gaseous muhallin, kwayoyin hulda sojojin yayin - gagarumin. Kwayoyin na cikin ruwa, kazalika da kwayoyin da daskararru, jere a kusa da ma'auni maki. Duk da haka, a taya, wadannan kayan abinci ne ba na kullum. Bayan wani lokaci cikin ruwa kwayoyin abruptly a cikin wani sabon matsayi. A daidai wannan lokaci, a lokacin da matsayi na kwayoyin a cikin ruwa ba ya canza, lokacin da ya kira shi "zaunar da rai".

Intermolecular sojojin dogara muhimmanci a kan irin ruwa. Idan danko abu ne kananan, shi ne ake kira "flowable", kamar yadda ya kwarara coefficient da tsauri danko na ruwa - ne inversely na gwargwado. Conversely, wani abu da wani babban danko iya samun inji taurin, kamar yadda, misali, guduro. A danko na abu yayin da muhimmanci dogara da abun da ke ciki na impurities da su yawa da kuma zazzabi. Tare da kara yawan zafin jiki da yawa "sedentary rai" lokaci ne rage, game da shi kara da ruwa danko tayi da kuma motsi na wani abu.

The sabon abu na danko, kazalika da sauran kwayoyin kai mamaki (yadawa da kuma thermal watsin) ne rashin komowar tsari wadda take kaiwa zuwa da nasara da wani ma'auni jihar m zuwa iyakar entropy da free makamashi m.