A waje Politika Nikolaya 1 a 1826-1849 gg. A sakamakon kasashen waje da manufofin na Nicholas I

Domestic Politika Nikolaya 1, a takaice, na dauke da biyu mafi muhimmanci milestone. A farko za a iya daukan ƙarshen War of 1812. Na biyu - da haddin shari'a na Decembrists da kuma maye gurbin zamanin (1825-th shekara). A wannan yanayin, da waje Politika Nikolaya 1 (koma zuwa teburin zai zama karshen labarin) aka dauke da ya rinjayi halin da ake ciki a kasashen Turai, da ƙasa wanda ya barke da bourgeois juyin juya halin. Next, la'akari da abin da suka babban manufar Nicholas 1.

fifiko

Menene ciki Politika Nikolaya 1? A takaice samar da nasu a raga a farko wuri ya kamata a lura da cewa babban makasudin kafa ta monarch, shi ne codification na dokokin. Sarauta tare da kulawa ta musamman wajen sukar da kuma shawarwari na Decembrists, kullum nuna wa rashin zama dole domin kuma, kamar yadda wani sakamako, da yawa muzguna a cikin gwamnatin da kotu. Babban manufar codifying Gwamnan gan streamline dokokin, yayin da ba wajen gabatar da sababbin abubuwa. Saboda haka yana so ya tabbatar da mafi m harsashin absolutism. Kusan duk na aiki a kan codification da aka kwashe Speransky.

matakai na codification

A daidai da shirin Speransky dokokin ordering kamata a da za'ayi a cikin uku, saukarwa. A farko da shawarar tattara da kuma buga duk da arziki a cikin shekara-shekara domin ta sarautar Alexei Mikhailovich, har cikar zamanin Alexander I. A mataki na biyu, akwai wani matsala a kan bazawa na Code of Laws, wanda aka located a kan Domain-din-din hanya. An ba kamata ya yi su da wani canje-canje (tarawa, ko gyare-gyare). A cikin uku mataki da tari da kuma littafin da sabon "Law Code" da aka shirya - tsanaki jiki na dokokin. A wannan edition muka kamata tarawa da kuma gyare-gyare, shan la'akari da kwastan da kuma yancin, kazalika da real bukatun jihar. Lokacin da na biyu reshe ya da kansa bugu latsa. Yana shirya buga kundin na Hakoki da Rasha Empire (cikakken tarin). A lokacin daga 1828 zuwa 1830-th shekaru an buga shi 45 guda. Har ila yau, da uku kundin na aikace-aikace da kuma ãyõyinSa da aka buga. Duk wadannan sassa wani bangare ne na farko da haɗuwa. Yana hada da 31 000 doka ayyukan a lokacin daga 1649 zuwa 1825-th shekaru. Bugu da kari, shida kundin da aka buga. Sai suka tafi a kan 1825-30 biennium. Sun fara da biyu taron. Yana hada da dokokin bayar a zamanin Alexander da kuma Nicholas 2 1.

code na dokokin

Ya tsallakar a kan tushen da Complete Collection. A jawo sama da Code shafe ayyukan ba da karfi ko maye gurbinsu da m dokokin. Har ila yau za'ayi da tattalinsu na rubutu aiki. All gyare-gyare, da mafi ƙara-kan za a iya sanya kawai tare da amincewa da Sarkin sarakuna. A monarch kansa dubawa dukan shakka daga cikin aikin. Pre-Hakoki dauke membobin musamman hukumar na majalisar dattijai. Bayan haka, wasu daga sassa aka aika zuwa ma'aikatar. Code of Laws aka buga a 15 kundin a 1832, da shekara. Ya ƙunshi wani 40 dubu articles.

wasu littattafai

Speransky da aka shirya da 12 soja dokokin kundin, kazalika da code na dokokin na Grand Duchy na Finland da Baltic larduna da kuma Yammacin. A zamanin mulkin Nicholas 1 da aka buga "Majalisar na marine da kuma ruhaniya dokokin" da "Dokokin kan nomadic baki Eastern Siberia."

sauran hira

Sauran manufofin Nicholas 1 game da ilimi da kuma rayuwar manoma. Na musamman muhimmancin monarch biya serfdom. Godiya ga littafin na dama dokoki a mafi matsayi ya dogara a kan mallaki gidaje manoma. Normative ayyukan jaddada cewa serfs ba mai sauki dũkiyar mai zaman kansa mutum. Su ne, da farko, kuma farkon, al'ummar jihar. Sai ya zama mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya Politika Nikolaya a fagen ilimi. A 1828, da shekara da suka gyara daga cikin tsakiyar da kuma ƙananan musamman cibiyoyin ilmi da aka gudanar.

sakamakon aiki

Da za'ayi a zamanin mulkin Nicholas 1 codification na dokokin, ba shakka, za su streamline data kasance dokokin. Duk da haka, shi bai canza tsarin da autocratic mulkin gargajiya Rasha. A musamman, shi ya shafi siyasa da zamantakewa yankin. Codification bai canza gudanar da tsarin da ya ba shafe ta cin hanci da rashawa, ja tef da arbitrariness, wanda ya kai Yuan ya a zamanin mulkin Nicholas. Burokrasi ya jagoranci wani takarda rikodin kiyaye, wanda ya faru a wani lungu clerical ba dama. A farkon rabin na XIX karni, shi ya ƙara muhimmanci da yawan jami'an. Monarch daidai gan duk mũnãnan ayyuka na burokrasi, amma ya kawar da su cikin sharuddan absolutism ba zai yiwu ba. Irin wannan shi ne jihar Politika Nikolaya 1 (takaice).

Rasha ta matsayi a duniya

By na biyu da kwata na XIX karni, Rasha da matsayi na wani karfi da kuma manyan jihohi. Sai a wannan lokaci quite iya yanke wa kansu duk kasashen waje da manufofin al'amurran da suka shafi. A farkon sarautar da monarch fada bayan Empire daga Turai a cikin soja-fasaha sharuddan, shi ba haka ba m. Rasha sojojin yawa da aka dauke duniya ta daya daga cikin mafi kyau.

A waje Politika Nikolaya 1: babban maki

A tushe kudi zauna a Rasha tun ƙarshen XVIII karni, tun sa'an nan, kamar yadda kasar suka fara samar a cikin wata babbar Eurasian daular. A sabon monarch hau gadon sarautar bayan da ya sanar da ci gaba da ta gada. Daga bisani, duk da haka, monarch bayyana shi da cewa Rasha a Turai scene ƙara dogara a kan nasu albarkatun, maimakon dogaro da "tarayya Solidarity." 1 Nicholas kiyaye hadin kai da Jamus jihohi, Prussia, da fari, saboda shi na dogon lokaci sun shagaltar da jagorancin matsayi a cinikayya. A daidai wannan lokacin, bayyananne Trend na Rasha ta rapprochement tare da Faransa da kuma Ingila. A waje Politika Nikolaya 1 da aka kaddamar a karfafa matsayin Black Sea Coast, kazalika da tabbatar da harkokin tsaro na kudancin kan iyakar jihar. Saboda haka, tsakiyar matsayi shagaltar Eastern tambaya, musamman, da hulda da Ottoman Empire. Black Sea a wannan lokaci ya na bayar da muhimmanci ga Rasha.

manyan matsaloli

Daya daga cikinsu shi don tabbatar da mafi sharadi gwargwado a cikin Black Sea Straits - da Bosporus da Dardanelles. Godiya ga free nassi na m tasoshin ta hanyar su za ci gaban tattalin arziki na kudancin yankunan jihar. A waje Politika Nikolaya 1 da aka yi niyya da kuma Caucasus. Rasha ta nemi fadada da kamfanoni a yankin, da karshe karfafawa na kan iyakoki a yankin, don tabbatar da lafiya da kuma free dangane da saye da sabuwar yankuna. A sakamakon haka, an shirya wani karfi dangane da Empire na Caucasus.

A farkon na Rasha-Persian yaki

Makiya a ci na Caucasus yankuna amsa Iran. A daidai da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakaninta da Rasha, da karshen kafa kanta a manyan yankunan gabashin Transcaucasia da kuma yammacin ɓangare na Caspian Sea Coast. By da 20-s na XIX karni, Iran (Farisa) fara neman dawowar Nagorno Karabakh-da Talysh khanate. A kotu na Shah ya kafa anti-Rasha ƙungiya yana da wani isasshe manyan karfi. A sakamakon haka, yaki ya barke. Kwamandan a shugaban kasar Iran da aka tsara daya bugun jini kawar da Rasha daga ikon mallakar daga cikin Transcaucasian yankuna.

kara karfin

A waje Politika Nikolaya 1 ba nufa soja mataki. Zo a kan karaga, da Sarkin sarakuna samu quite siga dangantaka tsakanin Turkiya da kuma Rasha. Duk da haka, ya dauke shi bai dace ba don fara fada domin Helenawa. Da farko, Rasha tare da United Kingdom Ya azurta diplomasiyya matsa lamba a kan Turkey. A farkon na thirties na XIX karni attajiri lokaci a biyu da yankin gabas ta tsakiya da kuma a cikin Turai shugabanci. A 1830-31-ies. da kalaman na juyin juya hali, sun shige ta Turai. Na taɓa shi da kuma Rasha. Nan da nan bayan kammala na Persian kuma Turkish wars na Empire ya zo a cikin rikici tare da Poland. Tawaye a kasar da gudummawar da wani sauyi halin da ake ciki a kasar Faransa da kuma Belgium. A sakamakon haka, a 1830 muka fara bude tashin a Warsaw. Romanov daular ayyana dethroned a Poland. A wucin gwamnatin da aka kafa. Ya halicci rundunar 'yan tawayen. Da farko, sun yi nasara. Duk da haka, sojoji sun zalunci. Ba da da ewa sarki dakarun mur da tawaye. A daidai da hukuncin da aka buga Poland aka ayyana wani ɓangare na Rasha. By ƙarshen forties na sabon, mafi karaya kalaman na kawo karshen tawayen tashi a yammacin Turai ƙasa. A Faransa da juyin juya halin ya barke a 1848, a watan Fabrairu. a Jamus, Moldavia, Wallachia, Italiya da kuma Austria - a cikin bazara. A events Nicholas 1 Ana daukarsa a matsayin kai tsaye barazana ga autocracy a Rasha. An a wannan batun, ya yanke shawarar ya dauki wani aiki sashi a cikin danniya na neman sauyi motsi.

da postwar lokaci

Bayan ƙarshen juyin a Turai na 1848-49-ies. Nicholas 1 aiki da aka nufin karfafa dabarun matsayi na daular. A fifiko shi ne batun da Black Sea straits. A karkashin yarjejeniyar da karfi a lokacin da Rasha Navy bude hanyar for da Dardanelles da Bosphorus. A daidai wannan Nikolai 1 nemi karfafa siyasa tasiri a cikin Balkan Larabawa. Saboda Turkey Ingila zaci su karfafa matsayinsu a Asiya, kazalika da Caucasian yankuna, kuma ta haka ne ya tura Rasha daga cikin shipping hanyoyi. The Crimean War nuna fasaha da ƙungiya ci baya na Rasha jihar daga kasashen turai.

A sakamakon kasashen waje da manufofin da Nicholas 1

Rasha kutse a Turai mai kula da harkokin da sha'awar kare tsohon domin tsokani zãlunci; m da'irori. Rasha monarch ko samu wani sunan barkwanci. Ya aka yi wa lakabi da "gendarme na Turai." A sakamakon haka, mutanen da gwamnatocin wasu kasashen ba su son Rasha da kuma suka ji tsoro daga ta dauki girman kai sarki. Suka yi farin ciki da wani damar halakar da tasiri da kuma ikon da Empire a Turai al'amura.

a ƙarshe

Aka bayyana a sama ne da waje Politika Nikolaya 1. The nuna tebur mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkinsa. Su yi tunani da jigon da aikin sarki.