Yammacin Front na yakin duniya na farko: yãƙi

Amma duk da haka shi za a iya zaci yaƙĩni kafin yaki da kasashen yammacin Front zai ɗauke da yawa rayuwarsu. A nan, muna da taba da biyu mai girma wayewar - Faransa da kuma Jamus. A 1871, Bismarck dauki daga Napoleon III, Alsace da Lorraine. A sabon ƙarni na makwabta m for fansa.

Jamus mamayewa

Bisa ga Schlieffen shirin, Jamus sojojin sun zuwa buga wani m buga wa babban dan takara a yankin - France. Domin ya sa a kan m hanyar Paris, shirin kama Belgium da Luxembourg. The kankanin sarauta aka shagaltar Agusta 2, 1914. Da shi shi ne na farko da bugun jini da aka sanya a kan shi. Yammacin gaban bude. Bayan kwana biyu, Belgium da aka karkashin hari, wanda ya ki ba da damar da tsokana sojojin ta hanyar da karkararta.

A key yaƙi na farko kwanaki na yaki ne dauke da kewaye na sansanin soja na Liege. Ta kasance mai key batu na mararraba na kogin Maas. A soja aiki ya faru daga Agusta 5 zuwa 16. Kare (36,000 reservists) da a kawo musu kayan 12 mata kagarai da 400 bindigogi. Maaskaya maharan sojojin kusan sau 2 mafi girma (kusan 60 dubu sojoji da jami'an).

A birni aka dauke wani impregnable sansanin soja, amma ya fadi da zaran Jamusawa suka kawo yaƙi ya kewaye manyan bindigogi (12 Agusta). Wadannan faduwar Liege a kan Agusta 20, kasar babban birnin kasar - Brussels, da kuma a kan Agusta 23 - Namur. A lokaci guda, da Faransa sojojin kokarin unsuccessfully to mamaye da kuma samun da qafafunku a Alsace da Lorraine. A sakamakon kewaye da aka aiwatar da wani m farko na Jamus sojojin. A lokaci guda bayan da Agusta yãƙi, ya bayyana cewa da tabbatarwa daga tsohuwar irin shi ne ba iya hana dakarun sanye take da sabon makamai - XX karni.

Little Belgium da sauri, da gurãbunsu, kuma ya yi yãki aka canjawa wuri zuwa layin da Faransa, inda ya zauna a yammacin Front. 1914 - shi ne ma wani jerin fadace-fadace a karshen watan Agusta (da Ardennes aiki, da Battle of Charleroi da Mons). A total number of sojojin a garesu wuce miliyan 2. Duk da cewa Faransa 5th Army taimake dama ƙungiyoyin Birtaniya sojoji zuwa cikin Kaiser 5 Satumba da muke kai Marne River.

Battle na Marne

Da tsare-tsaren na Berlin umurnin da ke cikin Paris kewaye. Wannan burin da jũna achievable, saboda mutum raka'a sun riga a nesa na 40 kilomita daga Faransa babban birnin kasar a farkon watan Satumba. A yammacin Front a shekara ta 1914 ya zama kamar ma ƙirƙirãwa m nasarar da Kaiser da General Staff.

Sai a wannan lokacin da Entente sojojin tafi zuwa ga counter-kai hari. A yãƙi shimfiɗa ta a kan wata babbar yankin. A wani mawuyacin halin da a taimaka wa Faransa ya isa kasar Morocco Division. Sojoji zo, ba kawai a kan Railways, amma ko da tare da taimakon wani taxi. Da shi shi ne karo na farko a tarihi a lokacin da yaki a matsayin kai motocin amfani a manyan yawa. Sadarwa na Jamus sojojin da aka miƙa a fadin Belgium da ƙari a manpower tsaya. Bugu da kari, wannan 5th Faransa Army kutsa maƙiyi defenses kuma ya tafi zuwa ga raya, inda da yawa Jamus sojoji jefa a Gabas Prussia, inda Rasha ta buɗe ta Arewa-Western Front. Ganin wannan halin da ake ciki, Janar Alexander von Kluck umurce su da su koma baya.

Sojoji na Triple Alliance samu wani karfi m tasiri. Zangonsa na ma'aikata ya kai ga gaskiya cewa fursuna dauki da barci sojoji. Duk da haka, Faransa da kuma Ingila sami ikon ya dauki amfani da nasararsa. The tsananta ya kasãla, kuma jinkirin. Masõya kasa yanke gudu makiya da kuma cika gibba a makarin su.

By Oktoba, da aiki yãƙi hawa zuwa arewa, kusa da bakin tekun. A dakaru a garesu kokarin kewaye da abokan gaba flank. Success ya kasance m, har zuwa ƙarshen shekara babu wanda ya iya magance wani hukunci duka. A Kirsimeti Hauwa'u, wasu ƙungiyoyin unofficially amince da a tsagaita wuta. Kowane harka sami sunan "Kirsimeti tsagaita wuta".

wuriyar yaƙi

Bayan abubuwan da suka faru na Marne da kasashen yammacin Front na yakin duniya na farko ya canja yanayin da adawa. Yanzu abokan adawar kunshe a matsayin su, da kuma yaki ya zama positional cikin 1915. Blitzkrieg shirin, wanda ya rigaya hatched a Berlin kasa.

Harben yunkurin da jam'iyyun su matsa gaba juya bala'i. Saboda haka, bayan da aka kai a Champagne masõya rasa babu kasa da 50 da mutane dubu, da ciyar da kawai rabin kilomita. A cewar wani irin labari Battle of Neuve Chapelle kauye, inda Birtaniya sun rasa fiye da dubu 10 da sojoji, da ciyar da kawai 2 kilomita. Yammacin Front na yakin duniya na farko ya juya zuwa cikin mafi girma a tarihin nama grinder.

Za ka iya da ci gaba da Jamusawan. A watan Afrilu da Mayu akwai wani yaƙi na Ypres, wanda ya zama takaici shahara da kuma godiya ga yin amfani da guba gas. Unprepared ga wannan da ya faru dakaru halaka, da asarar dubban. Bayan da harin farko a fagen yaƙi nan da nan an kawo su masks, wanda sun taimaka wajen tsira da sake amfani da gas makami na Jamus sojojin. Total hasarori a Ypres Entente sun 70 dubu mutane (a cikin Jamus Empire - rabin). m nasara ya kasance da iyaka kuma, duk da taro jikkata, da tsaro line aka taba karya.

Fighting ci gaba a yammacin Front Artois. A nan, sãshensu waliyyai ne kokarin ci gaba da kai hari sau biyu - in spring da kaka. Dukansu ayyukan yi kasa, ba kalla ta hanyar amfani da na'ura bindigogi Reich.

Battle of Verdun

Upcoming spring 1916 da kasashen yammacin Front na yakin duniya na farko, ya gana da manyan sikelin-ayyukan soji a yankin na birnin Verdun. Ba kamar baya aiki, wani alama na gaba da shirin na kai hari shi ne Jamus generals lasafta a kan kunkuntar mãkirci na ƙasar. By wannan lokaci - bayan jerin jini fadace-fadace - Jamus sojojin kawai ba shi da isasshen albarkatun don ci gaba a kan wani m yanki, yadda yake, misali, a kan Marne a shekara ta 1914.

An muhimmin ɓangare na hari fara da dakarun wanda halakar da masu garu matsayi na batutuwa na uku Jamhuriyar. Bayan harin bom halakar da USAID da dakaru shagaltar. Bugu da kari, wannan m makamai kamar flamethrowers aka yi amfani. Tare da farkon na simintin gyaran daga cikin Triple Alliance sojojin tsiwirwirinsu da dabarun shirin.

A wannan lokacin, Rasha ta ci gaba da dama da arewa maso yamma Front. Lake naroch m fara a tsawo Verdun events. A Rasha sojojin sanya wani feint a yankin na zamani Minsk yankin, bayan da Reich umurnin yanke shawarar canza wurin wani ɓangare na da dakarun zuwa gabas, kamar yadda suka samu a Berlin, akwai fara wani janar m. Ya kuskure, saboda ta main buga bugi Rasha a cikin shugabanci na Austria-Hungary (Brusilov laifi).

Ko ta wani hanya, amma m an halitta. Yammacin kuma Eastern fronts lokaci guda m Kaiser sojojin. A watan Oktoba, bayan da dama daga gida kasawa na Faransa zo da Lines da suka gudanar a watan Fabrairu zuwa farkon makiya m. Babu dabarun sakamakon bai isa Jamus. The adadin asarar a garesu sun kai fiye da 600 da mutane dubu (kashe game da 300 dubu).

The Battle na Somme

A watan Yuli 1916, a lokacin da yakin Verdun jan a, da kawayenta fara nasu sadarwa hari a kan wani gaban. Operation a kan Somme fara ne da wani manyan bindigogi barrage, wanda aka gudanar da wani mako. Bayan da aka shirya halakar maƙiyi kayayyakin more rayuwa, da motsi farko dakaru.

Kamar yadda ya kafin, a 1916, da kasashen yammacin Front aka girgiza da mai tsawo da kuma protracted fadace-fadace. Duk da haka, abubuwan da suka faru na Somme aka tuna a cikin tarihi da dama fasali. Da fari dai, akwai aka farko amfani da tankuna. Su ne suka kirkiro ta Birtaniya da kuma daban-daban fasaha ajizanci: sauri fadi cikin disrepair kuma sun karye. Duk da haka, wannan bai hana sabon samfurin hanyar tsanani m tasiri a kan abokan gaba dakaru. Active tsoro warwatse a lokacin da kawai daya nau'i surkulle art. Wannan nasara ya ba da tsanani impetus ga ci gaban tanki. Abu na biyu, su amfani ya tabbatar da m binciken, wanda aka gudanar domin nazarin maƙiyi matsayi.

Fighting aka faruwa, da kuma ci dauki dogon lokaci yanayi. By Satumba, ya bayyana cewa sabo ne sojojin a Jamus kasance. A sakamakon haka, a farkon zamanin kaka masõya ci gaba zurfi a cikin maƙiyi matsayi a dama dubun kilomita. Satumba 25 aka shagaltar tsawo, yana da wani dabarun muhimmancin a cikin yankin.

Yammacin gaban yakin duniya zub da jini Jamus sassa da suka yi yaƙi da dama abokan adawar kadai. Sun rasa muhimmanci da kuma masu garu matsayi. Somme da Verdun ya kai ga gaskiya cewa masõya kama da dabarun amfani da iya yanzu gabatar da yaki da Kaiser da sandarsa.

Hindenburg line

Events vector ya canza - baya mirginar da Western Front. Duniya ta shiga cikin wani sabon lokaci. A fadar sojojin da aka janye ga Hindenburg line. Shi ne mai tsarin na kufaifan babban har. Ta fara gina ko a lokacin events na Somme daidai da umarnin da Paul von Hindenburg, a cikin wanda daraja da aka mai suna. Field Marshal aka canjawa wuri zuwa France a kan Eastern wasan kwaikwayo da yadda ake gudanar, inda ya samu nasarar kaddamar da yaki akan kasar Rasha Empire. Its mafita tallafawa sauran soja adadi - Erich Ludendorff, wanda goyon Nazi jam'iyyar kiwata ta kai a nan gaba.

Layin gina a ko'ina cikin hunturu 1916-1917 ta. Yana da aka raba 5 Lines, sun samu sunayen da haruffa na Jamus almara. Yammacin gaban yakin duniya 1 kullum tuna kilomita ramuka da barbed waya. The sojojin karshe ƙaura a watan Fabrairu 1917. A ritaya aka tare da halakar birane, hanyoyi da sauran kayayyakin more rayuwa (babbake duniya).

Nivelle m

A farko, kuma farkon tuna yakin duniya na farko? Yammacin Front - wata alama ce da meaninglessness na mutum ya shafa. "Yanki da kuma dan lido Nivelle" ya zama daya daga cikin mafi girma da bala'in a cikin tarihin wannan rikici.

A cikin aiki a gefe na Entente ya samu halartar kan 4 mutane miliyan, yayin da Jamus da kawai 2.7 miliyan. Duk da haka, da yin amfani da wannan gefe ba zai yiwu ba. Jim kadan kafin a jħfa Jamusawa kama wani sojin Faransa da suka yi tare da shi a shirin na aiki, a rubuce. Saboda haka, ya zama sane da yadawa diversionary hare-hare, shirya Birtaniya. A sakamakon haka, ta yin amfani da aka rage wa sifili.

A bukatarsa m bogged saukar, da kuma kawayenta sun iya karya, ta hanyar da makiya ta defenses. Asarar da a garesu wuce rabin miliyan. Bayan da gazawar a Faransa ya fara buga da kuma fushi tsakanin yawan jama'a.

Shi ne kuma lura da cewa a cikin m hari halarci Rasha sojojin. Rasha Expeditionary Force aka kafa musamman domin da kaya zuwa kasashen yammacin Turai. Bayan da yawa hasarori a cikin watan Afrilu da Mayu 1917, an wargaza, da kuma sauran sojoji suna aika zuwa wani sansanin kusa Limoges. A cikin kaka sojoji dake da sansani a} asar waje, ta tayar wa Yahuza, da kuma bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin ya barke, wani ya koma zuwa fagen fama, wasu kasance a kan tsire-tsire a raya, da kuma na uku ya tafi zuwa Algeria da Balkans. A nan gaba, da dama jami'an sun koma zuwa ga mahaifarsa kuma ya mutu a cikin yakin basasa.

Pashendeyl da Cambrai

Summer 1917 aka alama ta Uku Battle of Ypres, wanda kuma aka sani da sunan wani karamin kauye Pashendeyl. A wannan lokaci, British umurnin yanke shawarar karya da kasashen yammacin Front. Duniya tilasta tuna da yawa mazauna na Empire albarkatu. A nan ne ya yi yaƙi mafi Canada, Australia, New Zealand da kuma Afirka ta Kudu. Expeditionary Force samu na farko taro asarar saboda da yin amfani da sabon maƙiyi daga cikin gas makami. Shi ne mai mustard gas ko mustard, wanda buga da numfashi gabobin, Kwayoyin aka hallaka, a gaji da damuwa metabolism na carbohydrates a cikin jiki. Unguwanni da Field Marshal Douglas Haig mutu ta dubbai.

Tasiri da kuma yanayi. Local Marshes aka binne a karkashin ruwan sama, da kuma da tafiya ta hanyar m laka. Birtaniya rasa a total na 500 da mutane dubu kashe da kuma jikkata. Ci gaban da aka yiwu ne kawai ga 'yan kilomita. Babu wanda ya san lokacin da karshen 1 Duniya. Yammacin Front ya ci gaba da sa'ĩr.

Wani muhimmin shirin na Birtaniya - m at Cambrai (Nuwamba-Disamba 1917), inda a yau, iyalinsu unprecedented nasara tankuna da aka yi amfani da. Sun gudanar a samu ta hanyar da layin Hindenburg. Duk da haka, da fice gefe na sa'a aka lagging bayan da dakaru da kuma a sakamakon, mikewa sadarwa. Makiya ya yi amfani da wannan, da ciwon m counterattack ya kuma jefa Burtaniya zuwa ga asali matsayi.

A ƙarshe na yaƙin neman zaɓe

Kamar yadda a cikin shekarar 1914, kasashen yammacin Front har karshe watanni na yaki kusan bai canja ba da wuri. A halin da ake ciki ya zauna barga kawai har da lokacin da ikon da Bolsheviks da aka kafa a Rasha, Lenin yanke shawarar dakatar da "imperialist yaki". The duniya da aka dakatar da sau da dama saboda da jefawa daga cikin tawagar, karkashin jagorancin Trotsky, duk da haka, bayan na gaba hari na Jamusawa kwangila har yanzu aka sanya hannu a kan Maris 3, 1918 a Brest. Bayan haka, daga gabas cikin sauri 44 ƙungiyoyin da aka canjawa wuri.

Kuma a kan Maris 21 ya fara da ake kira spring m, wanda shi ne na karshe tsanani yunkurin da sojojin Wilhelm II don gabatar da wani shakka daga cikin yaki. A sakamakon da dama ayyukan da aka tilasta Marne River. Duk da haka, bayan da mararraba ya iya matsawa kawai 6 kilomita, sa'an nan a cikin watan Yuli, da kawayenta sun kaddamar da wani hukunci counter-m, da ake kira da ɗari rana. A tsakanin Amiens da Saint Miyelsky protrusions aka jẽre shafe tsakanin Agusta 8 Nuwamba 11. A watan Satumba, shi ya fara wani janar na jħfa daga Arewa Sea zuwa Verdun.

Farko na tattalin arziki da kuma A Jamus, a agaji bala'i. Demoralized sojoji suka mika wuya en sun mayar. A kashi da aka fuskanta ita da cewa United States shiga cikin majiɓinta. American ƙungiyoyin da aka horar da kyau da kuma cike da makamashi, kamar yadda tsayayya wa waɗanda suka a kan wasu gefe na ramuka, wanda birgima baya ta 80 kilomita. By Nuwamba, fadan ya riga a Belgium. 11 lambobi a Berlin akwai wani juyin juya hali, ya hallakar da ikon William. A sabuwar gwamnatin sun rattaba hannu a tsaida wutar yaƙi. A yãƙi daina.

sakamakon

Hukumance da yaki ya ƙare kawai Yuni 28, 1919, a lokacin da ya dace yarjejeniyar da aka sa hannu a cikin Palace na Versailles. Hukumomi a Berlin sun dauki alkawalin biya wata babbar indemnity, ba a goma na kasar ta ƙasa, demilitarization. Ga 'yan shekaru da tattalin arzikin kasar da aka shiga cikin rudani. Mark depreciated.

Yaya mutane da yawa ya dauki yakin duniya na farko? Yammacin Front zama babban wuri na fadace-fadace a ko'ina cikin shekaru tana fama da rikici. A garesu na mutuwar da dama da mutane miliyan, da yawa suka ji rauni, contusion ko hauka. A amfani da sabon iri da makamai kamar yadda bai taba karya darajar mutum rayuwa. New fasahar tsiwirwirinsu m. Yammacin Front, na farko duka abin da yake kamar yadda bad a matsayin hari bayan 4 shekaru, ya kasance ba waraka tabo a tarihin Turai. Duk da cewa na jini fadace-fadace da ya faru a sauran yankuna, ba su da irin wannan dabarun muhimmancin. Sai ya zama a Belgium da Faransa gona da Jamus sojojin sha wahala mafi tsanani hasarori.

Wadannan aukuwa aka nuna a cikin al'ada: littattafai Remarque, Junger, Aldington da sauransu. Ga shi ne wani matashi kofur Adolf Hitler. Ya tsara aka embittered m sakamakon yakin. Wannan ya kai ga ci gaban da chauvinistic sentiments a Weimar Jamhuriyar, da Nazis zo ikon da fashewa daga cikin yakin duniya na biyu.