Soviet jirgin sama na yakin duniya na II

Bayan da sabuwar dabara na farko na mutuwa na'urorin da kayayyaki sun fara tambaya ga soja dalilai. Saboda haka a yi fama da jirgin sama, ya zama wani muhimmin bangare ne na dakarun dukkan kasashen duniya. Wannan labarin ya bayyana rare da kuma tasiri Soviet jirage da suka sanya na musamman taimako ga nasara a kan farkisanci invaders.

Tashin hankalin da farkon kwanaki na yaki

Kusan duk Soviet jirgin sama samfurori kasance a gaba, sabili da haka an halaka a farkon fadan, iya nuna kansu a cikin iska fadace-fadace. Duk da haka, wannan deplorable halin da ake ciki, ta zama wani babban impetus ga ci gaba da kuma kyautata na duk azuzuwan jirgin sama - Soviet injiniyoyi ya ba kawai ga yin sama da hasara, amma kuma ya ci gaba da sabon soja da kuma samun karin zamani jirgin sama na Tarayyar Soviet. A halin yanzu m yanayi, da kuma albarkatun rashin lokaci, Developers, Mun halitta mai iko iska karfi cewa ya iya ba kawai yin tsayayya da "Luftwaffe", amma ko da a cikin da yawa hanyoyi m zuwa gare shi.

U-2 biplane

Zai yiwu mafi recognizable, da farko Soviet jirgin sama cewa sanya na musamman taimako ga nasara - U-2 biplane - ya quite m da technologically sanye take. A dalilin da haihuwa-kera shi ne asali ci gaban da jirgin sama a matsayin kayan aiki na piloting. Biplane ba zai iya kai wani dangi saboda ta size, tsari da takeoff nauyi, rauni fasaha sigogi na mota. Amma rawar da "koyo jam'iyyar" U-2 sun jimre fiye admirably.

Kuma ta hanyar, quite bisa ga abke, mun samu wani sosai real biplane fama amfani. A jirgin sama da aka sanye take da silencers da mariƙin for kananan bama-bamai, kuma haka ya zama mai biplane agile, dabara da kuma matukar hatsari m, tabbatattun kullawa wannan sabon rawa har zuwa karshen yakin duniya na II. Bayan na farko nasara kwarewa da amfani da U-2 jirgin sun kafa kananan-huda gun. Kafin wannan, da matukan jirgi ya yi amfani ne kawai masu zaman kansu bindigogi.

faɗa jirgin sama

Fairly masu bincike sufurin jiragen sama Duniya la'akari da wannan lokaci da zinariya shekaru na mayakan. A wannan lokacin babu radar, kwamfuta kayan aiki, thermal imagers da kuma abin da ya ƙunsa makamai masu linzami. Mun taka rawar gani, kawai fuskanci zaman kansa matukin ta fasaha da kuma, ba shakka, sa'a.

A 30-ies da Tarayyar Soviet ya dauki wani ingancin nasa tarihin a samar da faɗa jirgin sama. Daya daga cikin na farko mayakan fito daga masana'antu na kungiyar tarayyar, ya na-16. Ya aka dauke da makamai Willows 1941, amma tsayayya da ikon da Luftwaffe, alas, iya ba. Soviet jirgin sama na yakin duniya na II kawai bayan wani dogon zamani ba da wani alhẽri rebuff da abokan gaba a cikin sama. Mun fara ƙirƙirar fundamentally daban-daban technologically m mayakan.

Mig-3 da Yak-9

Dalili na zane na MiG-3 bauta kamar yadda jiki na MiG-1, shi ne ya aka ƙaddara ta a cikin hadari Soviet soja jirgin sama, wani cancanci husũma Jamus Angulaye. A jirgin sama gudun iya hanzarta zuwa 600 km / h (ba duk Soviet jirgin sama na Great Patriotic iya iya irin wannan gudun). MiG-3 free hau zuwa tsawo na 12 kilomita, shi ne daidai ba baya model. Wannan hujja m manufar yaki da jiragen sama. Ya kafa kansa a matsayin wani high-tsawo jirgin saman soja, kuma ya yi aiki a cikin iska tsaro tsarin. Bayan da yaki, da yawa Soviet jirgin sama da aka ɓullo da a kan tushen da MiG.

Amma kan bango na m fannoni na MiG-3 da disadvantages. Saboda haka, a wata tsawo na fiye da kilomita 5 daga cikin jirgin sama rasa gudu da kuma na baya abokan hamayyarsu. Saboda haka, developers sun fara maye gurbin shi tare da wannan alkuki jirgin saman soja Yak-9. Wadannan haske fama motocin, a matsayin Yakovlev-9, yana da matukar agile da kuma iko da makamai. Matukan jirgi a zahiri ganin darajarsa wannan jirgin sama, tashi shi an yi. Kamar jirgin saman soja da Faransa masõya daga cikin rajimanti "Normandy - Niemen", da ciwon gwada da dama model, suka tsaya da zabi a kan Yak-9.

Kamar yadda MIG-3 da Yak-9 da aka dauke da makamai suka bindigogi 12.7 ko 7,62 millimeters. A wasu model shigar 20-millimeter gun. Amma duk da cewa shi aka dauke makamai masun karfi, da Soviet WWII jirage da ake bukata don inganta makamai.

La-5

New daga Lavochkin Design ofishin ya yi wannan drawback, da La-5 sanye take da biyu cannons ShVAK. Har ila yau, a kan faɗa jirgin sama na iska-sanyaya engine. The mota da aka kadan m, amma ya kāre kansa, musamman a lokacin da idan aka kwatanta da ruwa-sanyaya Motors. Gaskiyar cewa ruwa-sanyaya engine, ko da wani m, amma sosai m. Yana isa ya samu da karami ɓaɓɓake daga engine da kuma kashe a kalla wasu tube, shi nan take tsaya a nan ba. Yana da wannan siffa daga cikin zane, da kuma developers tilasta sa a kan wani La-5 manyan, amma abin dogara iska-sanyaya engine.

Muraran, a lokacin da ci gaban da Lavochkin riga ya wanzu mai iko sosai kuma na zamani injuna M-82, sa'an nan suka samu da widest rarraba, da yawa Soviet jirgin sama za a sanye take da su. Amma a lokacin da engine ya ba tukuna shige dace gwaji, kuma ba zai iya tsayar da wani sabon La-5.

Duk da dukan matsaloli, da La-5 ya m mataki a gaba cikin sharuddan cin gaban faɗa jirgin sama. A tsarin da aka alama ba kawai ta Soviet kwararru, amma kuma da matukan jirgi na Luftwaffe. Lavochkin firgita da Jamusanci matukan jirgi, duk da haka, kamar duk sauran Soviet jirgin sama na yakin duniya na II.

Il-2

Zai yiwu mafi almara Soviet hari jirgin sama - shi ne Il-2. Soviet jirgin sama na WWII aka sanya a kan wani hali zane, da firam sanya daga karfe ko kuma itace. Waje, da jirgin saman da aka Fitted sheathing plywood ko masana'anta. Tu tsarin shigar da engine kuma daidai makami. Bisa wannan ka'ida monotonous zane duk Soviet jirgin sama a lokacin yaki.

Il-2 ya da farko misali na wani sabon makirci na jirgin sama zane. A Ilyushin Design ofishin gane cewa wannan m muhimmanci rage zane da kuma kara nauyin da shi. A sabon zane m ya ba da sabuwar dama ga ya fi dacewa da yin amfani da jirgin sama nauyi. Saboda haka akwai wani Ilyushin-2 - jirgin sama, wanda for ta musamman karfi makamai sanã'anta da sunan barkwanci "tashi tank".

Il-2 Jamus halitta wani m yawan matsaloli. A jirgin sama da farko da aka yi amfani a matsayin wani jirgin saman soja, amma wannan rawa da ya nuna kansa ba musamman tasiri. Rauni maneuverability da kuma gudun ba da Il-2 yiwuwa don su yi yaƙi da m da smashing Jamus mayakan. Musamman cewa rauni kariya na raya na jirgin sama a yarda kai farmaki da Il-2 Jamus mayakan baya.

Matsaloli tare da jirgin sama da kuma gogaggen developers. A lokacin dukan lokaci na Duniya tara makamai Il-2 ne kullum canja, da kuma aka sanye take da wani wuri na biyu matukin jirgi. Wannan barazana da cewa jirgin sama zai iya zama unmanageable a duk.

Amma duk wadannan yunkurin samar da ake so sakamakon. The asali 20-millimeter bindigogi da aka maye gurbinsu da manyan-zamo 37 mm. Tare da irin wannan iko da makamai harin jirgin sama ya ji tsõro daga kusan iri daban-daban na sojojin ƙasa daga dakaru zuwa tankuna da sulke da motocin.

A cewar wasu tunaninsu na matukan jirgin suka yi yãƙi, a cikin Il-2, da harbe-harben bindigogi kai farmaki jirgin sama ya kai ga gaskiya cewa jirgin sama a zahiri sun rataye a cikin iska da karfi tasiri. Idan akwai wani hari da makiya jirgin saman soja wutsiya kibiyoyi rufe fallasa rabo daga Il-2. Saboda haka, harin da aka zahiri yawo sansanin soja. Wannan rubutun aka tabbatar da cewa an kai harin ne wasu bama-bamai a kan jirgin.

Duk wadannan halaye sun yi babban rabo mai girma da kuma Ilyushin-2 jirgin sama ne kawai irreplaceable a wani yaki. Ba kawai ya shi mai almara hari da jirgin sama na yakin duniya na II, amma kuma m da rikodin domin samar da :. A total na game da dubu 40 kofe aka samar a lokacin yaki. Saboda haka, Soviet-zamanin jirage iya gasa da Luftwaffe madaidaci.

kai harin

The m, daga wani dabara ra'ayi, wani muhimmanci na soja jirgin sama a wani yaki. Zai yiwu mafi recognizable Soviet m na Duniya - a Pe-2. Yana da aka ɓullo da matsayin dabara jirgin saman soja supercarrier, amma tare da lokaci shi aka canza da kuma sanya wani hatsari nutse m.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa Soviet jirage m aji halarta a karon a lokacin Great Patriotic War. kai harin, matukar a kan zargin da dama dalilai, amma sarki daga cikinsu, ya ci gaba da iska tsaro tsarin. Nan da nan ci gaba musamman dabara na yin amfani da kai harin, wanda nufi wani tsarin kula da manufa a high tsawo, mai kaifi dakushe zuwa tsawo na faduwa bama-bamai, wannan ba zato janye a sararin sama. Wannan dabara ta bada sakamakon.

Pe-2 da TU-2

Nutse m faduwa bama-bamai, ba wadannan da a kwance line. Ya zahiri da dama a kan kansa nufi da saukad da wani bam kawai idan makasudin ne abin da wasu mita 200. Sakamakon irin wannan dabara tafi - cikakken daidaito. Amma kamar yadda ka sani, da jirgin saman a low tsawo anti-aircraft bindigogi iya cũtar da su, amma wannan ba zai iya shafar tsarin zane kai harin.

Saboda haka, shi ya juya waje don haka da cewa dan kunar bakin waken dole ne a hada da wadanda ba superimposable. Ya kamata ya zama har zuwa yiwu ga m da kuma maneuverable, kuma haka wani sashe nauyi ammonium. Bugu da kari, da m zane da aka yi hasashen matsayin m cewa zai iya tsayayya da tasiri na anti-aircraft bindigogi. Saboda haka, da jirgin saman Pe-2 tafi sosai ga wannan rawa.

M Pe-2 complements sosai kama da sigogi na Tu-2. Shi ne mai twin-nutse m, wanda aka yi amfani da sama da aka bayyana dabara. wannan jirgin sama da matsalar da aka qananan umarni a cikin model jirgin sama ma'aikata. Amma da karshen yaki da matsalar da aka gyara, TU-2 ko da kyautata da kuma nasarar amfani da shi a yaƙi.

Tu-2 yi wani iri-iri na fama manufa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin hari da jirgin sama, m, bincike, torpedo da interceptor.

Il-4

Dabara m Il-4 da gaskiya da aikata da lakabi na mafi kyau jirgin sama na Great Patriotic War, yin shi da wuya ya gauraye da wani jirgin sama. Ilyushin, 4, duk da girma haduwar management, ya kasance rare a Air Force, da jirgin sama ko amfani a matsayin torpedo m.

Il-4 da aka gyarawa a cikin tarihi na jirgin sama, wanda za'ayi a farkon harin bom da babban birnin kasar na uku Reich - Berlin. Kuma shi ya faru ba a cikin watan Mayu na shekarar 1945, da kuma a cikin fall na 1941. Amma harin bom dade ba. A cikin hunturu, da gaban ta canja nisa zuwa Gabas, da kuma Berlin ya zama daga isar ga Soviet nutse kai harin.

Pe-8

M Pe-8 a lokacin yaki da aka haka rare da unrecognizable, wani lokacin ma hõre su kai farmaki su tsaron gida. Duk da haka, wanda ya yi za'ayi mafi wuya fama manufa.

Dogon zangon m kuma ko da yake samar a cikin marigayi 30 ta, amma kuwa shi ne kawai jirgin sama na aji a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Pe-8 da mafi girma motsi gudun (400 km / h) da kuma adadin man fetur a cikin tanki da aka yarda su kawo wani bam, ba kawai Berlin, amma kuma ya dawo. A jirgin sama da aka sanye take da mafi manyan-zamo bama-bamai har zuwa biyar-ton Fab-5000. Yana Pe-8 da aka bamai Helsinki, Konigsberg, Berlin, a daidai lokacin da gaban line aka yi a yankin na Moscow. Saboda da aiki kewayon Pe-8 kira dabarun m, a kuma waɗannan shekaru da aji na jirgin sama a karkashin ci gaba. All Soviet jirgin sama na duniya na biyu mallakar aji na mayakan, kai harin, bincike ko kai, amma ba su da dabarun Air umurnin, kawai Pe-8 ya a irin banda ga mulkin.

Daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci ayyukan da cewa Pe-8 - a karusa Soviet ministan harkokin wajen kasar Molotov a Amurka da kuma Birtaniya. Jirgin da ya faru a spring 1942 a kan wani hanya da ya wuce ta hanyar Nazi-shagaltar da ƙasa. Hammers tafiya a kan fasinja version na Pe-8. kawai 'yan guda da aka ɓullo da irin wannan jirgin sama.

Yau, godiya ga fasaha ci gaba, dauke da dubban fasinjoji da kullum. Amma a wancan zamanin na yaki kowane jirgin da aka a feat, duka biyu ga matukan jirgin da kuma fasinjoji. Ya kasance kullum mai kyau dama da ake buga, da kuma harbe saukar Soviet jirgin sama - wata asara ba kawai rayuka, amma kuma da yawa daga lalacewa zuwa jihar, wanda shi ne ya maida shi kuwa yana da wuya.

Kammala a kananan binciken, abin da ya bayyana cikin rare Soviet jirgin sama na yakin duniya na II, ya kamata mu ambaci cewa duk ci gaban, yi da kuma iska fadace-fadace da ya faru a cikin yanayi na sanyi, da yunwa, da rashin cadres. Duk da haka, kowane sabon inji kasance wani muhimmin mataki a cikin ci gaban duniya jirgin sama. Sunayen Ilyushin, Yakovlev, Lavochkin kirar Tupolev zai kasance har abada a cikin tarihi na soji. Kuma ba kawai shugabannin zane ofisoshin, amma kuma talakawa injiniyoyin da talakawa da ma'aikata sun yi wani babban taimako ga ci gaban Soviet jirgin sama.