Khokhloma - abin da yake da shi? Khokhloma: hotuna, alamu, hoto

Khokhloma - abin da yake da shi? Da farko, shi ne daɗaɗɗe Rasha jama'a craft. Khokhloma zanen, Golden Khokhloma, a sararin sashen dutsen Rasha al'adu. Alama ce fentin a cikin style of "Khokhloma" shi ne wani rashin tsoro Firebird, wani shahararre hali. A babban birnin kasar na kama kifi - birnin Semenov, located zuwa arewacin Nizhny Novgorod. Ba kamar Gzhelian m samarwa, wanda ya kawo tare 27 garuruwa da kauyuka a "daji" Khokhloma aka mayar da hankali a wuri guda. Saboda haka, ta ci gaba da ci gaba da dogon isa. Artistic bangaren kama kifi ma yana da darajar a matsayin talented artists ba kowa, da kuma horo, kamar yadda irin wannan, ya kasance ba.

Tarihi na Golden Khokhloma

Art craft Khokhloma saiwoyinsa a cikin marigayi 17th karni, a lokacin m flowering na icon zanen. shiri tsawon Novgorod asashe Old Muminai, wanda bai yarda da coci da sake fasalin na sarki Nikon, ya zo daidai da zargin sabon hanyoyin da gilding gumaka. Yana da yake a cikin Nizhny Novgorod yankin, da kauyuka sun koya wa fenti gumaka a zinariya, amma ba tare da yin amfani da daraja karfe. Katako albashi icons yafa azurfa mashed a cikin turɓãya, sa'an nan mai rufi da linseed man fetur da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani tanda. Azurfa shafi ta hanyar mu'ujiza canza kama zuwa glittering zinariya. a lokacin da fasahar ba ta bayar da wani karin hanyar zuwa sauƙaƙe tsari, duk abin da aka yi da hannu. Wasu artists ko ta yaya daidaita, ƙirƙira sauki kayayyakin aiki, don taimaka, amma a general, Khokhloma zanen cikakken tabbatar kawai ta manual aiki. Babban ayyuka na samar da sun juya, wanda ya bukatar takamaiman cancantar. Guraben da kalmomin da aka machined daya master, primed da kuma ƙone su da wasu, da sauransu fentin. Amma a cikin wani akwati, a ha] in} o} arin tsakanin da sakamakon su da kyau, da kuma samar da wadãta.

Ana zargin high art

Saboda haka a kan Volga akwai zinariya-fentin Khokhloma. Daga icons zuwa da sauri switched ga samar da tableware yi na itace dalaye su da zinariya juna. Azurfa ya bai isa ba, da kuma an maye gurbinsu da tin. A Figures ba muni, a akasin haka, zanen samu daraja matt da kuma bayan polishing na Paint fara haskaka kamar rana. Semenov artists sun zo tare a wani m, zanen "Khokhloma" ya zama da kyau a san nisa fiye da kan iyakoki na Nizhny Novgorod lardin. Daya bayan wani ya zo da 'yan kasuwa, da umarnin Masters fentin katako kayayyakinsa babbar jam'iyyun, da kuma kama kifi suka fara samar hanzari.

A farko sassaka daga wani Linden da fenti Khokhloma alamu spoons da ladles. M zuriyarsa ko da gina wani gini a Semyon-Lozhkarev a matsayin haraji ga iyayengijinsu, su kuma artists na lokaci. Sana'a aiki tirelessly, Nizhny Novgorod jita-jita da aka kawo da kuma nasarar sayar a babban kasuwar wuri Macarius, cikin shahararrun Rasha adalci. Income jita-jita da kuma Moscow. A cikin Rasha babban birnin kasar, yayin da kullum halartar waje wakilan da m aji, da Jamus, franzuzy Englishmen. Suna nan da nan lura da sabon abu Khokhloma kayayyakin.

Khokhloma - abin da yake da shi daga ra'ayi na gamayyar kasa da kasa?

A cikin tsakiyar karni na 19th Khokhloma zanen a kan jita-jita, furniture da kuma tufafi zo a san kasashen waje. Duniya Nunin a Paris, wanda ya faru a 1889, paved hanya domin Golden Khokhloma a dukan duniya. Khokhloma zanen tafi a kan fitarwa na fadi rafi. Kasuwanni a Yammacin Turai, kudu maso gabashin Asia, India, China, da kuma daga baya Arewacin Amirka nahiyar ciniki dukiya Rasha jama'a sana'o'i.

High bukatar da samfurin bayan Volga Masters zama mai kara kuzari ga kara raya Golden Khokhloma. samar da kewayon tashi sau da yawa, ban da cokula sanya jita-jita da faranti, ganga, Krynki ga kayan yaji, gishiri shakers, daban-daban postavtsa, tabarau da kuma mugs. Musamman yaba a kasashen yamma, da ake kira Bratina - babbar crockery a cikin nau'i na jirgin ruwan da dozin buckets. Sunan yayi magana don kansa, wannan kayayyakinsa yi nufi ga fraternal liyafa. Festive theme ko da yaushe tare Khokhloma kayayyakin. Kuma wani zama tushen batutuwa da jigogi don su - shi ne duk Rasha. Khokhloma aka inseparably nasaba da sosai source, da kuma tarihinta.

Jita-jita da kuma ba kawai

Bugu da kari ga cookware, manyan batches samar iyali abubuwa: kwalaye, snuff kwalaye, kananan furniture abubuwa, attics, tukunya, alluna da kuma bencina. Golden Khokhloma za a iya ba da umarnin, yana da daraja fiye da tsada, amma farashin ba dame kowa. By karshen karni na 19th Khokhloma zama mafi tsada, saboda su samar da yawa fiye da rikitarwa. Akwai na fure kayayyaki, wanda ya ci gaba da kakanninmu hadisai, amma a lokaci guda ya dauki musamman na halitta m style of rubuce-rubuce, wanda ya bambanta Khokhloma. Pictures dauka a waɗannan kwanaki artists, masu goyon baya, zane da kuma almara tallafawa ci gaban sabon yayi a art Khokhloma zanen.

Khokhloma kayayyakin muhimmanci faɗaɗa kan su riga fentin a cikin irin "Kudrin", da zinariya ganye da furanni a cikin style na siffa daga cikin mace headscarf, a lokacin da ƙawa da aka hada da dama, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa cewa ci a cikin daya image. Daya daga cikin mafi girmama Figures Kokhloma ya "wani ganye," kuma a farkon rabin na karni na 20th, artists , Mun halitta a "Hohloma ado". Saboda haka wani classic style. A canza launi juna haka kara wahalad, da shanyewar jiki zama sirara, da mãkirci samu ãyõyi yaƙĩni. Art style da ake kira "Khokhloma", hotuna da kuma almara wanda ta tabbatar da cigabar ci gaba. A lokaci guda a cikin tsakiyar Rasha ya fara bayyana siffofin art, kamar Khokhloma zanen, Fedoskino miniatures da Zhostov farantansa. A kadan daga baya sanã'anta Gzhel masana'antu don samar da yumbu tableware, wanda nan da nan ya zama kamar rare kamar yadda Khokhloma itace. Rasha m crafts sun ɓullo da nasarar, Gzhel, Khokhloma, Zhostovo, Fedoskino - wannan ba wani cikakken jerin crafts cewa za a iya kwatanta su da wani babban art.

kayan aiki

Khokhloma art - shi ne quite wani hadadden tsari da ya shafi yawa fasaha tausasãwa. Shi ne bai isa zuwa cin daidai samfurin - da siffar da sigogi kuma na zama cikakke. Idan master yanke shawarar yanka itace a cikin wani nau'i na swan Bratina da fenti da shi a cikin style na zinariya Khokhloma, shi ne da farko samu form dole maimaita duk ladabi na mai daraja tsuntsu, da kuma ta wuyansa dole lalle zama "Swan" lanƙwasa, wanda muka kiyaye a cikin yanayi.

Khokhloma - abin da yake da shi daga wani fasaha ra'ayi? A daidai da mulki amincin samfurin, ta yarda da wasu canons na sosai matakin, kwararru na JSC "Khokhloma zanen" kawo ingancin samar dabara, wanda ya kafa tushen domin samar da Kokhloma kayayyakin. Saboda haka, duk matakai a cikin kamfanin ba batun da bukatun na kasuwar, ya haramta motsa taro samar, da kuma dokokin da m yanayi, abokin ciniki-daidaitacce, ciwon dandano. Wannan siyasa shiriya ya riga ya haifa 'ya'yan, da umarni ya fara zo ba daga abin tunawa da shaguna da kuma sanannen art galleries da gyaran gashi.

A tsari na yin art abubuwa a Khokhloma style - shi ne wani hadadden tsari sarkar. Wood da ake amfani kawai sawmills, da ake son ba Linden, duka biyu m da kuma mafi ductile abu. Material wuce halitta bushewa mataki a waje ga shekara guda, sa'an nan ajiye a Comley Bloom guraben da kalmomin, wanda bayan-na'urar busar na karin watanni uku. Bayan nan, da itace riga ya dace machining a kan lathes. Zabi guda ne domin yi na tsana, manyan vases ne machined daga m ridges. Domin spoons da ladles dace katako sapwood part, shi ne fairly sauki yanka kuma ba crack.

Sassaka da kuma yanke guraben da kalmomin da ake kira "lilin" kafin zanen ne "tufafi" ya bushe sake a zazzabi na game da 100 digiri. Bayan nan, articles an primed da ɗora Kwatancen sake a cikin tanda at 120 digiri. Sa'an nan da workpiece an ƙasa, bagure da potholes a kan surface shpaklyuyut kuma mai rufi da bakin ciki Layer na varnish. Jim kadan kafin a gama bushewa preform mai rufi aluminum foda da triturated shi sabõda haka, dukan surface aka gaba ɗaya rufi. Bugu da ari, azurfa-frosted kofuna, cokula, saucers, vases da bowls zo da artists don kammala - Khokhloma art zanen.

Bayan zanen da samfurin sau uku lacquered da wani tsaka-tsaki dumama zuwa 130 digiri. A wannan yanayin, da aluminum shafi yakan mallaki zinariya ya dafa, da samfurin na shirye marufi da kuma kaya.

-daban na zanen

A 18th karni Khokhloma zanen kai ta koli, da bukatar art kayayyakin duka ya karu, kuma Nizhny Novgorod Masters yayin riga a saman da ya kerawa. A sa'an nan, kuma sun ci gaba biyu main iri zanen Golden Khokhloma - "doki" da "bango".

Khokhloma, alamu wanda aka fentin a cikin irin "doki" zanen, shi ne mai zanen da zinariya filin, kashe a baki da kuma ja da launuka. The artist fa, tã tarar raga juna na shanyewar jiki, wadannan da wani daya daga cikin wadannan styles:

• "Gingerbread" - wani stylized image rãnã, a kewaye a cikin wani lissafi da siffar, square, lu'u-lu'u, ko da yanke da'irar. A Hanyar da farko wurin sauki, amma daga hasken rana da'irar, firam da curls-haskoki look aka ba yaga, haka organically a hade tare da babban luminary kewaye firam.
• "Travnik" - ganye ado, abin kwaikwaya, ko bakin teku sedge makiyaya ciyawa.
• "Leaf, a Berry" - fentin da yawa ganye da kuma berries, furanni da kuma mai tushe, intricately interwoven tare da juna.

Ya bambanta da "doki", Khokhloma, wanda alamu ajiye zinariya a kan tushen da ja ko baki, aka dauke "bango." The mafi ban sha'awa iri-iri na zane-zane a kan bango ne "Kudrin", wanda yake shi ne stylized image na ganye da kuma furanni. Maimaita Kudrevatov curls, juya cikin m alamu, furanni, foliage, da kuma kowane irin berries, lambu da gandun daji. Wannan salon na zanen ne sananne ga m amfani a jawo kwane-kwane Lines, m to saita kashe mutum sassa.

taskoki

Tun tsakiyar karni na 20th fara systematize Khokhloma zanen, buga kundayen da mafi ban sha'awa samfurori, kuma mafi kyau da aka bayar da takardar shaidar. The ayyuka na master artists a cikin style of "Khokhloma", hotuna da kuma zane-zane wanda aka buga a jaridu, ya zama mahalarta daban-daban gasa da kuma nune-nunen. A mawallafa Kai kayayyakin samu kyaututtkan domin su kerawa. A kan irin wannan nuna kowa da kowa zai iya saya samfurin sanya a cikin m style da ake kira "Khokhloma". Photo for memory tare da manufacturer mayen sa nan da nan. Na dogon lokaci bayan haka wani kyakkyawan lacquered abu faranta ubangijinsa.

Khokhloma idanu na wani yaro

Kindergartens, gandun daji gidãjen Aljanna, kuma ko da a Soviet sau, samu furniture, sanya a cikin style of Khokhloma zanen. Kuma ko da yake wannan m style ya ko da yaushe aka dauke "adult" yara da gaske ji dadin kowane tebur, fentin da artist. Hakika, shi ya ba wani hannunka-yi, kayayyakin da aka fentin furniture factory, da allon bugu. Amma da alama na high art Khokhloma zanen da aka ba, kuma yana jin daɗina yara. Tare da yara farin ciki iyaye. Saboda haka, yara Khokhloma ya ba muni fiye da "adult".

Taken ga makaranta makala

A horo shirye-shirye ne bambance bambancen. Khokhloma - abin da yake da shi tare da malamin ra'ayi? A makarantu na Moscow da kuma Moscow yankin, kazalika da a wasu Rasha birane a horo shirin ne a kan jigo na Rasha jama'a Arts and Crafts, inda da fari shi ne ma'adanin na Khokhloma zanen. Its dogon tarihi da kuma duniya shahara taimaka dalibai su bayyana sirri ra'ayi, bayyana shi a kan takarda da kuma samun wani kimanta. Yana iya zama mai cikkaken muqala a kan wani topic ko wani gajeren labarin. Khokhloma kamar yadda art ci gaba wajen samar da nasarar, shi ne ya cancanci hankalin-makaranta tsofaffi. Duk da haka, da ƙananan azuzuwan, ma, za su iya shiga a cikin muhawara.

Khokhloma a cikin song Genre

Zane ne sau da yawa a hade tare da wasu Categories kerawa. Art Khokhloma zanen ne ba togiya. The song "Khokhloma" dogon lashe shahararsa. Ta yin singer mawaƙa, Choirs da mutum mawaƙa. Beautiful launin waƙa, Narinderjot shayari, ma, rubuta daga zuciya. A Eurovision Song "Khokhloma" ba kawai a wuri na girmamawa.