Rasha jama'a craft. An tsoho Rasha jama'a craft. Arts and crafts

Rasha jama'a craft hadawa mai babbar Layer na al'ada. A peculiarity na kasar mu kuma a gaskiyar cewa kusan kowace kusurwa na shi, lardin ko m yankin na da irin needlework. Yana za a iya fentin a daban-daban kayan, kumar kasko da kuma kayan wasa, yadin da aka saka, pastries da yafi.

zanen

Rasha ya dade shahara ga dukan duniya artists. Irin wannan alamu sun yi shugabanninmu, iya tunanin wani daya Turai artist. A tsawon lokaci, har ma da wasu raya yankunan da kuma makarantu da cewa ci gaba da al'adar mu mutane.

Lissafa duk iri da kuma dabaru na zanen a Rasha ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Akwai da yawa, kuma kowane daukawa a wasu Locality, da kuma al'adu. Mafi shahara Rasha jama'a Arts and Crafts, wannan shi ne:

• Gzhel. Wadannan blue alamu a kan fararen ain da aka sani a ko'ina cikin CIS da kuma kasashen waje. Da farko tableware daga wani musamman fari lãka amfani domin da nasu bukatun. A tsawon lokaci, shi ya bazu ko'ina Rasha, har ma ya fara da za a yi amfani da "pharmaceutical bukatun." The asali da kuma tunawa juna a kan wani farin tasa bayyana da yawa daga baya - a cikin marigayi XIX karni.
• M crafts - Khokhloma. Wannan shi ne wani daga cikin sanannun alamomin na Rasha. Wannan tunani domin kusan shekaru 400. Yana fito a Nizhny Novgorod. A peculiarity na adadi ne cewa itace, ko tukunya depicting daban-daban berries, furanni, tsuntsaye da dabbobi. Yana yana amfani da mafi yawa ja da baki tawada a kan wani zinariya bango. Wani lokacin amfani da kore da kuma rawaya.
• Gorodets zanen. A kamun kifi ne na musamman a cikin abin da daban-daban na itace asali ya yi amfani da dabara: daya haske, da sauran duhu. A musamman tududa saka cutout rabo kuma sami wani asali image. Daga baya suka fara amfani da tint. Kusan kowane hoto da babban kashi - wani kyakkyawan doki tare da dantsenka mai wuya.

Baya ga wadannan dabaru, wanda amfani da crafts da handicrafts, akwai har yanzu wata babbar adadin zane-zane da cewa duk Rasha shi ne girman kai na wannan rana. Su ne wata alama ce na kasar mu da kuma batun ta girman kai. Yana Zhostovo da Mezen zanen, Fedoskino da Palekh miniatures , kuma yafi.

kumar kasko

An sani cewa zamanin d Russia sun yawanci masu zama a gida da kuma himma mutane. A rayuwar yau da kullum na rayayye amfani da dama kumar kasko. Saboda haka, rare a waɗannan kwanaki kuwa Rasha jama'a craft - kumar kasko.

'Yan mutane san cewa da farko wannan da aka yi na musamman da mata. Shi ne kawai yawa daga baya cewa wadannan ayyuka da aka cikakken canjawa wuri zuwa ga karfi hannãyen mutãne.

Kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka tsunduma a cikin harkokin ciniki a cikin yankunan na halitta jari daga lãka. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka kafa a kusa da kauyuka da kuma ƙauyuka. Asirin kumar kasko shige daga tsara zuwa tsara.

Mafi shahara gundumomi a Rasha, wanda shi ne sanannen domin ta sana'a, suna yi m kumar kasko zama Novgorod, Smolensk, Ryazan, Gzhel, Vologda da yawa wasu. Yawanci, wadannan su ne yankunan da suke kusa da koguna da tabkuna.

Lãka shi aka yi ba kawai kayayyakinsa. Tartsatsi iri-iri na toys, figurines, whistles, ado da kuma gida kayayyakinta. A daukan hankali misali - Crafts Gzhel. Asalinsu samar daban-daban yumbu tableware. Yanzu wani Rasha shagon tsaraba za ka iya samun yanki kumar kasko da mallakar tajirai musamman blue juna.

A Nizhny Novgorod yankin kumar kasko samo asali a cikin XVI karni. Daya daga cikin maki ya Bogorodskoye. Har yanzu, akwai wani idi na shugabanninmu da magoya wannan sana'a.

A tsakiyar ɓangare na Rasha an yadu da aka sani da kuma amfani da lãka fale-falen. Wannan art ake bukata musamman fasaha da kuma jimiri. Clay obnalichnikami ado gidajensu na arziki boyars, kazalika da yawa majami'u da kuma Cathedrals.

Sakar da yadin da aka saka

Wannan shi ne kusan guda domin Rasha gargajiya art, kamar zanen ko sassaƙa. Duk da haka, wannan tsohon Rasha jama'a craft ɗauke da wani sihiri aiki. Bayan duk, tufafi Slavs - shi ne ba wai kawai wata hanya don kare kan sanyi da kuma mummunan yanayi, amma kuma mai kyau hanya don sake taƙawa da wani mugun ido, lalacewa ko cutar.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa juna a kan articles na Rasha Masters ne da muhimmanci. Ga mutane da yawa ƙarni shi ya kasance kusan canzawa. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ne wani kasuwanci da katin kõwace al'umma da suke zaune a ƙasar Rasha. Sun kuma kafa bayanai game da ci gaba, da muhimmanci abubuwan da heroes.

Mafi fi sanin su ne irin handicrafts:

• Abubuwan a gidan sarki. A tsakiyar zamanai, wannan fasaha da aka ƙwarai nuna godiya da kuma sau da yawa a cikin gidajen m boyars da shugabanninmu za a iya gani ambassadorial ado tablecloths, kuma patterned yadudduka Special Lilin yadudduka. Mafi shahara Masters sayi Kadashevskaya matabbata kuma Khamovniki Moscow yankin. Har ila yau, mai daraja kayayyakin da Cherkasovo Breytovo Yaroslavl yankin.
• Downy shawl. Wannan samfurin, kamar matryoshka ko Khokhloma, ne hallmark na Rasha. A mafi girma shahararsa tsiwirwirinsu Orenburg downy shawl. Domin da farko lokacin da suka zama da aka sani tun da asuba na XVIII karni. Suna Ya sanya daga taushi da kuma dumi akuya ta sũfin da siliki, da auduga da sauran yarns, dauka a matsayin tushen. Kuma aka sani da rabin-woolen da ulu Pavlovsky Posad shawl buga.
• Lace. A karo na farko da wannan jama'a craft zama tartsatsi a cikin XVII karni. A yadin da aka saka da aka yi da hannu yin amfani da wani katako, itace-bobbins. Kamar haka suka yi musamman daraja filaments. Shi ne ta hanyar wadannan sandunansu Masters saƙa da ake so alamu. Yan asali cibiyoyin yadin da aka saka a Rasha ya Vologda, Mikhailovsky gundumar a Ryazan, da Soviet yanki a cikin Kirov yankin da kuma Yelets gundumar a Lipetsk yankin.

Kamar da yawa Rasha jama'a crafts, sakar da yadin da aka saka a cikin Soviet lokaci da kuma a yau kusan ba ya inganta. Ya zauna quite 'yan artists wanda zai iya gaba daya sake da dabaru da kuma alamu na zamanin d kwastan.

Blacksmithing

Rasha ya kasance kullum shahara ga karfi da lafiya mutane. Ba abin mamaki ba blacksmithing ya zama daya daga cikin mafi girmama da kuma girmama craft kakanninmu. Yana da wadannan karfi da kuma Hardy mutane sun Legends, kuma epics aka hada a matsayin girman kai daga cikin al'umma da kuma ta heroes.

Iron aka sani tun da mu kai tsaye kakanninsa - da Slavs. Kuma riga a cikin XI karni, da Rasha jama'a craft ne mafi prevalent. Ko da most sarauta located kawai a kusa da adibas na tama da kuma lãka.

Yawancin lokaci, maƙera kadai girbe kuma sarrafa karfe. A wannan yanayin, da dabara na Forging zauna kusan canzawa har da XIX karni. Na farko, wani yanki daga karfe warmed amfani ƙirƙira, sa'an nan ta amfani da guduma compacted karfe da kuma dukan slag cire.

Sana'a da aka sanya ba kawai takuba. Sai suka ba mutane da kwa'di kuma keys, da gatura da wukake, da kusoshi, kuma needles, boilers, ma'aunin nauyi da yafi.

Babban cibiyoyin blacksmithing a Rasha birnin Zlatoust karfe, wanda shi ne mai daraja da kuma girmama mu da sarakunanmu, a matsayin babban birnin kasar na ma'ajiyar makamai, Pavlovsky kurkuku, Siberia, birnin Belev da yawa wasu. Iimenno wadannan wurare sanya shahara maƙeri da kuma har abada hada da shi a cikin Rasha jama'a sana'o'i.

Woodcarving da ƙasũsuwa

Wani tsoho, amma ba gaba daya manta craft. Our mutane duk da alfarma ma'anar. Ko da a cikin talakawa abubuwa na yau da kullum amfani kakanninsa kokarin amfani da musamman abubuwa. Shi ne wannan da akwai daban-daban jama'a crafts aikace-aikace. Musamman prized kayayyakin sanya daga halitta kayan: dutse, kashi ko itace.

Bayan da cewa daya ya yi daban-daban iyali abubuwa, art crafts da sauransu., Tare da taimakon thread ƙawata facades na gine-gine, da ke sa sculptures da sauransu. D.

Special shahararsa samu irin crafts:

• Shemogodskaya wuriyar Elm. Wannan art yana ta asalin a cikin Vologda yankin. Elm, duk da bayyana fragility, quite karfi da kuma m abu. Vologda Masters sa daban-daban kwanduna, kumar kasko, kwanduna, kayan ado da kuma ko da takalma da kuma tufafi. A peculiarity na wadannan kayayyakin ne da cewa gargajiya juna lauye halitta na fure ado, ya fita da berries, furanni da kuma mai tushe.
• Varnavinsky kashi sassaƙa. Wannan shi ne ma'adanin na Nizhny Novgorod jama'a art Masters. A batun dogara ne a kan na musamman gidan kayan ado, kashe a itace. A peculiarity na wadannan kayayyakin ne da cikakkar bambancinsa da kuma individuality. Bayan duk, kowane yanki da aka yi da hannu, ba tare da wani shaci da kan sarki.
• Abramtsevo-Kudrino thread. Wannan m m craft suka yadu da aka sani a cikin XIX karni. Amfani da wannan dabara sa buckets, jita-jita, vases da kwalaye, kazalika da wani abubuwa da kuma gida kayan ado abubuwa. A peculiarity na wadannan kayayyakin ne da aka dauko daga daban-daban curls, rosettes, rassan, toning da polishing da itace.

Bugu da kari a wadannan sana'o'i, Rasha shi ne mai arziki Masters cewa ba zai iya kawai amfani da alamu a kan dutse, kashi ko itace. Su ne, kamar yadda suka karin da na halitta abin kwaikwaya daga cikin kayan ta mallaka aiki. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wadannan kayayyakin ne don haka sabon abu da kuma na musamman.

Handicrafts: toys

Babban abu ga wani iyali - a ci gaba da jinsunan. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa yara suna ko da yaushe ba musamman da hankali. Suna bi, suka sanar da kuma, ba shakka, buga tare da su. Domin su dauki yaro, mun yi musamman crafts: fata, masana'anta, itace, da na dutse, da dai sauransu ...

Rasha Arts and Crafts yara:

• Matryoshka. Mafi shahara wasan yara cewa ya zama wata alama ce da Rasha. A karo na farko da wannan katako, 'yar tsana da ya bayyana a cikin marigayi XIX karni. A cikin duka, shi kunshi 8 raka'a. Machined talakawa 'yar tsana da Turner. An sa'an nan fentin da samu irin Rasha 'yan mata da wannan, kawai karami kofe ciki.
• Toy Bogorodskaya, ya sassaka. Wadannan toys ya fara yin baya a XVI-XVII ƙarni. A wannan yanayin, da mai gida ya yi ba kawai talakawa sculptures, amma kuma musamman dabba ba a kanta Figures. Yana dayansu, manoma, dabbobi da tsuntsaye, kazalika da dukan al'amuran yau da kullum daga yankunan karkara rayuwa.
• Dymkovo toys. Handicrafts na unguwar da aka sani kusan duk a kan Rasha. A cikin XV karni, hadisin na yin fun toys-whistles sanya daga lãka. Wadannan alkaluma na dabbobi da mutane, da tsuntsaye kwashe tsoho images. Hadisin da wannan sana'ar kamun kifaye da aka ba daukar kwayar cutar kamar yadda ya saba, daga uba zuwa ga ɗa kuma daga uwa zuwa 'yar.

Don lissafa duk aka sani, kuma zamanin da daular, suka sadaukar da basirarsu don yara, zai iya zama mara iyaka. Kuma kowane ya da kansa hali toys, musamman fasali, ba halayyar da sauran.

gilashin-hurawa samarwa

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi wuya da kuma ban sha'awa ayyuka a lokaci guda. A Rasha, a busa craft bayyana ba haka ba da dadewa - a cikin XVIII karni. Its kafa ya Prince Menshikov. Kuma, duk da cewa da farko samar da gayyatar kasashen waje, sa'an nan aiki ya zama mu kasa Rasha jama'a craft.

Glass-masana'antu cibiyar ita ce birnin Klin. Shi ne, akwai cewa ba za mu iya samu zuwa ba dama nuni da Kirsimeti kayan ado da kuma ado. Me wannan gari kusa Moscow? Wannan yankin ne mai arziki a cikin adibas na m for glassblowers yashi - ma'adini, ba tare da wanda ba shi yiwuwa a tsirar.

Wani wuri da aka sani a duk faɗin ƙasar, yana da Gus Crystal. A garin gare ta sunan ga wani tsoho gilashi-hurawa factory, kafa a cikin XVIII karni da kuma nasa ne da ya shahara Rasha da 'yan kasuwa Maltsov.

Wane ne wannan da ban mamaki shuka samar da wani iri-iri kayayyakin daga wannan m abu. Wannan ruwan inabi tabarau da kuma ruwan inabi da tabarau, vases da damasks, da kuma ban sha'awa tsarabobi da kuma ko gida kayayyakinta.

Modern craft nune-nunen

Yanzu babban abu ga mutane da yawa Rasha crafts da kuma sana'a - don ci gaba da inganta. Popularity - ne key zuwa nasara. A mafi mutane san kuma yaba da craft, da mafi alheri, da mafi umarni suna Masters.

Bugu da kari, handicrafts taimaka sabon ƙarni su fahimci tarihi da al'adu na kasarsu. Wannan ba kawai ban sha'awa da kuma m, amma kuma da yawa fun, musamman ga matasa da yara. Bayan duk, kusan kowane daya daga mu samfurin yana amfani da haske launuka, funny hotuna da funny haruffa.

Kamar yadda wani janar mulki, inda aka mayar da hankali wajen samar da daban-daban crafts ne shekara-shekara cinikayya bikin. A nan ne Masters kawo su samfurori mafi kyau ga nuni da sayarwa.

A mafi shahara da kuma ban sha'awa bikin a yau:

• "Boat" nuni da handicrafts. Yana faruwa a Nizhny Novgorod a kowace shekara. A nan ne Arts and Crafts ba kawai na gida artists, amma kuma mafi kyau Rasha sana'a. Wannan taron faruwa a tsakiyar watan Disamba.
• Ethnomir - shugabanninmu da sana'o'i. Wannan nuni faruwa a Kaluga yankin a watan Satumba. Yana tara mafi kyau Masters Rasha da kuma duniya. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na kalankuwar mai ban sha'awa da kuma m nazarinsa ga kowa da kowa.

Solovetsky Crafts Fair. Wannan sigar shekara-shekara taron a Arkhangelsk yankin ziyarci ta Masters daga Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Moscow, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod da sauran artisan garuruwa da kauyuka. Musamman nuna godiya da baƙi crafts - Khokhloma, gzhel kuma toys.

Bayan bikin data, har yanzu akwai da yawa da wasu suka tattara manyan lambobi na mutane da kuma taimakawa ga sake zargin dogon-manta handicrafts.

kama kifi wuka

Art aiki daga karfe da aka rarraba kusan a ko'ina Rasha. Kuma a fagage daban-daban lãfiya samar da cibiyoyin ruwan wukake, kayayyakinsa, daban-daban cutlery.

Musamman ya shahara akan ikon Master da Nizhny Novgorod. Cibiyar da m karfe craft zama Pavlovskaya Sloboda. A farko tunatarwa na shi ya bayyana a cikin XVI karni. Sa'an nan ma'adanin na handicrafts yada zuwa wasu yankunan da yankuna. Alal misali, a kauyen na Vorsma. A art da kuma fasaha na gida sana'a da aka sani zuwa yanzu fiye da Rasha. A lokacin Tarayyar Soviet ta wannan wuri shi ne hukuma babban birnin kasar na "wuka kama kifi."

Rasha wukake da kuma kayayyakin da aka yi wa ado da fadi da dama na kayan, daga kashi da lu'u-lu'u da kuma yasfa. Su deduced musamman engraving, wanda bauta ba ne kawai wata ƙawa, amma kuma a irin hatimi samar.

Daya daga cikin shahararrun gidajen cewa sanya wadannan mutane ta aikace-aikace crafts iyali al'amarinsu kuma canja wurin fasahar da dabaru na cinikayya daga uba zuwa ga dansa, ya zama Ptitsyn Zavyalov da Biryutiny. Su kayayyakin sun sanya wata babbar alama a kan cinikayya adalci a Philadelphia, London, Berlin da kuma Paris.

Kayan ado kasuwanci a Rasha

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da kuma rare crafts na mu mutane. Har yanzu, da samfurin na zamanin d Rasha Masters gigice da hankali da tunanin baƙi da kuma masana na da yawa gidajen tarihi da kuma nune-nunen. Jewelcrafting ne na ƙwarai cikin abin da shi dogara ne a kan da yawa crafts da handicrafts. Wannan Forging, sassaƙa, zanen da yafi.

Kayan ado tare da Rasha mutum daga haifuwa zuwa mutuwa. Ko a kan jariri tufafi wani beads da kuma soke kunnuwa 'yan mata masu shekaru 6-8 shekaru. Boys ayan dõgara daya kunne. Bugu da kari a wadannan kayan ado, da mutane ne bambancin m mundaye, da ƙawane da kuma m zobba, buckles da sauransu. Mafi na kowa kayan a Rasha sun zinariya, da azurfa da lu'u-lu'u. Daga baya, a cikin tsawon aiki ci gaban cinikayya, akwai yaƙũtu ne, emeralds, sapphires da garnets.

Duk da cewa da Rasha ya'yan sarakuna gidajen da aka sau da yawa gayyace waje Masters, a Rasha akwai mutane da yawa da nasu heroes. Yana Gavrila Ovdokimov suka yi crabs rufe matattu Tsarevich Dmitry, Moscow Masters Ivan Popov, Pestrikov Tretyak da Athanasius Stepanov.

Kayan ado craft cibiyoyin sun zama tsakiyar yankunan, bada Yunƙurin zuwa crafts - Gzhel, m Forging da kuma zanen da sauransu, Nizhny Novgorod, Red Village, Great Ustyug da yawa wasu.