Palekh dada. Mutane kama kifi a kauyen Palekh

Daya daga cikin mafi kyau iri na jama'a crafts ne a Rasha lacquer dada, zamani cibiyoyin wanda aka located in Palekh, Fedoskino, Mstera da Kholui. Ancient cibiyar wannan art - kauyen Palekh na Ivanovo yankin, daga abin da artists kan ƙarni, ba kawai fentin gumaka, amma kuma fentin da ganuwar a cikin Orthodox majami'u da kuma mayar da tsohon majami'u da kuma Cathedrals. Palekh dada, wanda ya tashi a sakamakon zaman jama'a da al'adu canje-canje da suka faru a Rasha bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin na 1917, ya iya adana shekaru da haihuwa al'adar icon zanen da kuma canja wurin su zuwa sabon siffofin da kuma cika in ba haka ba da muhimmanci ga al'umma da abun ciki.

A tarihin Rasha lacquer

A Rasha lacquer zanen ya wanzu for fiye da karni biyu. An dauke zama farkon ƙarshen XVIII karni, a lokacin da Moscow m Korobov kafa wata ma'aikata don samar da lacquered visors yi nufi ga Rasha sojojin huluna. Lacquered dada bayyana da ɗan baya, a lokacin da a Rasha na sarki kotu al'ada na snuff zama gaye. Korobov ya iya quite da sauri don tsara samar da dada lacquer kwalaye - snuff. A tsawon lokaci, wadannan gizmos an yi amfani da su yi ado da dakuna. Haka kuma, su ado da bukatun zama mafi girma. Daga baya ayyukan Rasha artists aka lura da cewa daban-daban daga kasashen yammacin model na yadda da dabara na kisa, kazalika a kan batutuwa da suka yi a furta kasa hali. Saboda haka, a cikin Rasha lacquer dada bayyana haruffa da kuma al'amuran daga mutãne tãtsũniyõyin da Legends na gargajiya da kuma zamanin da Rasha adabi, ya nuna da Rasha hadisai da kuma hanya ta rayuwa, ya haifa da kyau na kewaye yanayi.

Cibiyoyin na Rasha lacquer miniatures

A Rasha a yau akwai huɗu da cibiyoyin, wanda ake rayayye tasowa ajiye tsofaffin al'adun Rasha art na dada lacquer zanen: Fedoskino, Palekh, Holuy da Mstera. Kafin 1917 juyin juya halin, duk alƙaryu ba, fãce Fedoskino, aka sani a Rasha a matsayin babbar cibiyoyin icon zanen, wanda ba kawai halitta icon, amma kuma shirya domin sabuntawa na master da kuma bango zane-zane na Ibada. Kowace daga cikin wadannan cibiyoyin haifar da gumaka a kowa Orthodox hadisin, amma shi ma yana da kansa rarrabe insignia. Masters na Kholui, har zuwa yiwu a iconography, sun kasance kusa ga Rasha gargajiya hakikanci, mazauna Mstera bi da hadisai na Old mu'mini al'ummomi daban-daban na Rasha yankuna, Palekh artists yi mafi Canonicity Orthodox gumaka.

Ta yaya iconography a Palekh

A XVI karni Palekh mazauna a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da cibiyoyin sun taso a baya iconography da Kholui Shuya ya fara kokarin hannunsa a rubuta gumaka. Kokarin kasance kaɗan, kuma sosai nasara ba kira su.

A tsakiyar karni XVII da daraja na Palekh icon painters isa Moscow, kuma artists ana kiran su zuwa yin aiki a fādar sarki. Idan a cikin XVII karni a lardin Vladimir icon rubuta kusan kowane manyan kauye, a cikin XVIII karni kasance uku main icons cibiyar: Holuy, Mstera da Palekh. Paleshane, sabanin mazauna mafi arzikin masana'antu Mstera Kholui kuma, har farkon XIX karni hada da harkokin noma da rubuce-rubuce na gumaka a free lokaci a cikin filin. Vyrisovalas hankali lura da hadisai na gumaka da aka halitta sannu a hankali, kuma sun kasance tsada.

A farkon karni na XIX ne dauke da heyday na Palekh icon zanen. Fara a Palekh icons sayar ba kawai a cikin babban birnin kasar da kuma a cikin manyan biranen Rasha, amma kuma kasashen waje.

By tsakiyar XIX karni a Palekh shirya farko nazarinsa na Safonov, Corinne, kuma Nanykinu UDALOVA. By farkon XX karni, da samar da gumaka ya zama tartsatsi, mai rahusa da kuma kasa quality. Zuwan cheap images, buga typographically, ya haifar da raguwar iconography da kuma kawar da dama sanannun shagunan. A farkon karni na ashirin a Kholui, Palekh da Mstera don adana da hadisai na Rasha icon zanen waliccinsu kwamitin horar koyarwa da aka halitta, wanda dade har 1917.

A Soviet lokaci

Bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin, har zuwa shekarar 1923, mafi yawan artists a Palekh m. Wani ya riga ya tafi a search na aikin a cikin birnin, wasu sun yi kokarin yin wasa, jita-jita, ko saƙa sandals. Har 1923 akwai da dama yunkurin daidaita da da tsohon icon-zanen da kwalaye, toys da katako kayayyakinsa. Duk da haka, abubuwa ba su tafi ba, kazalika da bukatar a saki babban kundin at low rates, da kuma ainihin yanayin da samfurin ya kai ga samar da low quality-kayayyakin.

A kwanan wata da lokacin da aka halicci by Palekh lacquer dada, a cikin hanyar a cikin abin da muka sani shi ne a matsayin karshen 1922, farko na shekarar 1923. A sa'an nan da mai gidan wasan kwaikwayo artist Ivan Golikov ferrous workpieces sanya na papier-mache don ƙirƙirar wani abun da ke ciki "Adam a Aljanna." Wannan aiki shi ne sha'awar da gudanar da fasaha Museum (a yau - Yaari Art Museum), wanda ya samar da guraben artist da kuma biya masa aiki. A nan gaba, da aiwatar da alaka I. V. Markichev, AV da IP Kotuhin Vakurov. Halitta da wadannan artists da aka gabatar a shekarar 1923 a National Art da kuma Industry Nunin a Moscow da aka bayar da diploma na 1st digiri. A 1924, da artists aka nuna a Venice, da kuma a shekara ta 1925 - a Paris, inda ya halicci wani furor da jin dadin babban rabo mai girma. Duk wannan ya kai ga gaskiya cewa Disamba 5, 1924 a Palekh VV da AV Kotuhinymi, {ungiyar AI, da kuma {ungiyar AI, I.Zubkovymi, Markicheva IV, IM da I. Kuma Bakanov . Golikov an halitta Artel na zamanin d zanen.

Jariri Palekh dada fuskantar yawan matsalolin: na farko, muna bukatar wani sabon abu - a papier-mache, wanda fasahar da aka ba sanannun artists, Paleshane, haka ma, ya wajaba don motsawa daga zanen lebur yanar gizo gumaka don tsara abubuwa da kuma abubuwa da cewa samar da girma da kuma siffar.

A iri-iri na siffofi da kuma fentin Palekh Masters batutuwa da aka quite manyan: brooches, bisernitsy, ƙirãza, kwalaye, taba lokuta da snuff kwalaye, eyeglass lokuta da foda kwalaye da yafi. Palekh dada na lokaci yana mai pronounced ornamental farkon, amma shi rasa da m images da kuma gwamnatin storyline. A mafi nasara da kuma rare songs na lokaci sun yaƙi, da cowherd, farauta, partying da triples.

Safe da cewa shi ne a cikin 20s karni na ashirin da a Palekh lacquer dada kafa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da biyu da tsoho Rasha icon-zanen hadisin, da kuma duniyar art.

A postwar shekaru

A farkon shekarun da zaman lafiya, da yawa Masters Palekh miniatures a cikin ayyukansu su dace daban-daban yaƙi al'amuran, duka biyu kwanan nan sauke karatu daga yakin duniya na biyu da kuma sauran girma fadace-fadace da cewa kawo daraja da Rasha sojojin. A hamsin hamsin, bisa ga yawa sukar, lacquer dada Palekh ne fuskantar bayyananne rikicin, wanda aka sa ta hali na da yawa artists matsanancin hakikanci, tura daga cikin aikin da romance tsaftacewa halayyar ayyukan shekaru baya. Palekh dada, photo gabatar a kasa, a fili ya nuna tasirin da Soviet akida na lokaci a kan artists.

Wuce kima hakikanci, monumentality da pathos faye hali mafi daga cikin ayyukan halitta a cikin wadannan shekaru, ko da yake, ya kuma kasance wasu Jagororin sun kiyaye al'adar romanticism da kuma tsohon makaranta.

A sittin ne halin da monumentality da kuma wuce kima naturalistic tafi, amma ƙasar tuddai kuma romantic hazo koma ga Palekh lacquer dada sake zama poetic da kamã da jũna. A wannan lokacin, artists paleshane daukaka kara ba kawai ga jama'a kafofin, amma kuma zuwa ga ayyukan gargajiya adabi, kazalika da zamani songs. A lokaci guda harkar gagarumin events, kamar, misali, mutum sarari jirgin, kuma same ta gani a cikin ayyukan da iyayengijinsu.

A seventies da eighties na XX karni wani lokaci na yaxu na Palekh zanen. Palekh artists ana kiran su zuwa ci gaba sets of daban-daban concert shirye-shirye, ado ga yara da kuma al'adu cibiyoyin.

wayewar

Bayan tsira da wuya 90s, paleshane sun bar su gargajiya kama kifi. Palekh art makaranta a shekara samar matasa artists, a hankali tsare da hadisai da kuma halaye, wanda su ne don haka ban sha'awa Palekh dada. Yau akwai da dama hadin kuma iyali kasuwanci, an sanya a cikin gargajiya Palekh lacquer ware.

rarrabe siffofin

Palekh zanen, kamar wani mutãne art cewa an kafa a wasu yankunan, na da rarrabe fasali da kuma hadisai. Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da wurin hutawa kifi da ƙarni yaba Palekh. Lacquered thumbnail icons dauka a kan ta a jam'i na siffofin, kamar, misali, da yi abun da ke ciki, da kuma meticulous da hankali ga daki-daki. Za mu iya cewa da Palekh dada tashi da tsofaffin al'adun icon zanen. Daga sauran jama'a makarantu Palekh lacquer zanen style ne halin da wadannan siffofin:

• prorisovyvanie m qagaggun da kuma batutuwa.
• dada zanen.
• patterned da richness ornamental juna.
• meticulous daki-daki, daga kowane kashi.
• elongation da fragility na mutum Figures.
• fineness na jawo mutane ta jiki sassa.
• wani iri-iri launi a mulki.
• Yi amfani da duhu dabam.
• da yin amfani da kwai tempera.
• fentin zinariya.

Amma domin ga artist ya iya fara samar da takaitaccen siffofi, dole ne ka farko ƙirƙirar papier-mâché samfurin cewa zai sanya hannu.

Yadda za a yi papier-mache?

An yi kwali, wanda aka a baya yanke zuwa tube, smeared da manna, dafa shi da garin alkama, da kuma amfani da wani katako, mold (ingot) zoba. Bayan ka samu da ake bukata kauri, tare da kwali blank da ake gyarawa a wani musamman latsa. A karkashin matsin lamba, suna tuba a cikin shambura na daban-daban siffofi da kuma masu girma dabam. Matsa haka bonding sun bushe a dakin da zazzabi for game da makonni biyu. A bushe preform aka saukar da dare ji dimi linseed man impregnation, bayan da suka kasance ana bushe don kwanaki hudu a wani musamman tanda, a cikin abin da zafin jiki ne kiyaye a 120 ⁰ C. A mataki na gaba da workpiece ne ƙasa da primed. Bayan nika a da matsanancin surface mahara superposed yadudduka na baki lacquer, da kuma na ciki - Oil varnish da cinnabar. A karshen aiwatar da dukan surface lacquered da dama yadudduka na lacquer haske. Bayan aikace-aikace na kowane Layer na preform ya bushe a wani zazzabi a tanda. Kawai bayan duk wadannan jan, da artist za su iya fara zanen.

Dabaru da kuma hanyoyin

Kamar yadda muka rigaya muka gani, daya daga cikin halaye mallaki by Palekh lacquer dada zanen ne kwai tempera Paints. Domin fenti ba tura zuwa santsi varnish surface, shi ne musamman bi da tare da wani pumice dutse. A kwane-kwane na gaba hoto ne amfani da samfurin, mai kaifi fensir da kuma yi underpainting. Yana da ga shi kuma za a amfani da maigida da wani jam'i na m bakin ciki yadudduka na zanen. Total na asali matakai na samar da wani image na biyar:

1. Roskrysh - babban basting silhouettes da contours.

2. Residence yarda - bayyanãwa da contours da kuma tabarau.

3. Plavi - da ake ji ruwa m lessirovochnomu Paint shanyewar jiki.

4. Blikovka - notching yi melted zinariya.

5. siffatawa zanen zinariya juna.

Bayan nan, zinariya ado kaga kamar yadda agate goge mazugi ko kerkẽci hakori, sa'an nan dukan labarin mai rufi da 6-7 yadudduka na lacquer. Bayan aikace-aikace na kowane aiki ya bushe, goge a kan wani musamman polishing gwiwa, sa'an nan ya wuce kammala hannunka goge. Lacquered saman, goge zuwa wani madubi gama, bada hoton wani kara zurfi da ke sa Paint "sauti" mafi arziki da kuma taushi.