Abin da ake watsa shirye-shirye a cikin ilmin halitta? Babban matakai na translation

Abin da ake watsa shirye-shirye a cikin ilmin halitta? Wadannan kwafi shi ne kashi na biyu na tsakiya akidarsu na ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu, wanda ya bayyana da yin amfani da kwayoyin code for da yi na sarƙoƙi na amino acid.

Watsa da RNA kwayoyin

Uku na asali kwayoyin aji na ribonucleic acid (RNA) suna da hannu a cikin magana da kwayoyin halittu da cewa an shigar wanda ke aiki a dezokseribonukleinovoy acid (DNA) daga cikin cell. Su ne:

• Manzo RNA (mRNA)
• Fir RNA (tRNA)
• ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Lokacin da ka watsa shirye-shirye na musamman rawar da ake buga ta farko iri biyu RNA.

translation manufa

A ilmin halitta watsa shirye-shirye ne mai hadaddun tsari a lokacin da na bayanai kunshe ne a cikin wani kwayoyin na RNA (mRNA), mai gina jiki da aka hada. A jerin mRNA aka karanta ta amfani da kwayoyin code. Aras translation auku a wani gini da ake kira ribosome wanda yake shi ne irin factory domin gina jiki kira. Wannan cell organelle yana da kananan da manyan subunit kuma shi ne DNA wani hadadden kwayoyi kunsha da dama ribosomal RNA kwayoyin, kuma ma da dama daga sunadarai.

Abin da ake watsa shirye-shirye a cikin ilmin halitta?

Watsa labarai ne na biyu mataki bayan kwafi. A lokacin da wadannan matakai, da kayyade code ne tuba zuwa cikin amino acid da ake shiga tare da peptide bond. sarƙoƙi na amino acid kira polypeptides, kuma suna located a cikin ribosomes, kankanin wasu gabbansa da suke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsari na gina jiki kira. Za a iya bayyana a matsayin: ilmin halitta translation - wani salon salula tsari a cikin abin da sarkar amino acid ne kafa ta dikodi mai. Gina jiki kira auku a cikin cytoplasm, inda ribosomes suna located.

Abin da ake watsa shirye-shirye a cikin ilmin halitta da kuma a gaskiya ana harhada polypeptide? Akwai muhimman matakai guda uku - qaddamarwa, elongation da kuma karewa. Wadanda sharuddan aka yi amfani a cikin kwafi da kuma bayyana halittar sarkar RNA, saukarwa.

Zero lokaci ne dauke kunna, a lokacin da ake so amino acid da aka covalently daure su dace RNA (tRNA) da kuma ta wãyi "cajin". Ko da yake ba a zahiri a mataki a cikin translation, wannan mataki ne ma ya cancanta, kazalika da dukan m mãsu girmansu. Saboda haka, ka yi la'akari da matakai na translation a ilmin halitta a cikin mafi daki-daki:

1. Qaddamarwa. A wannan mataki, da mRNA ne a haɗe zuwa tRNA, wanda aka a haɗe zuwa ce amino acid. Gabã ɗaya, su a haɗe a cikin ribosome.
2. Elongation. Wannan elongation ta Bugu da kari na amino acid da aka tare da samuwar peptide bond. Ƙarshe halitta polypeptide. kara aiwatar ci gaba kan kuma a sake muddin sarkar ba kai ta da iyaka, wanda shi ne game da ɗaya da ɗari amino acid.
3. Ƙarshe. Lokacin karshen siginar da aka samu biosynthesis, a polypeptide ne rabu da ribosome. Lokacin saki sabon gina jiki, da cikakken kewayon watsa shirye-shirye karya.

Nagartaccen da kuma cikakken tsari

Abin da ake watsa shirye-shirye a cikin ilmin halitta? Wannan ne mai matukar hadaddun da a lokaci guda mamaki da tsari sosai, kuma m tsari da ya shafi abubuwa da yawa na gyara. All motsi, dauki da kuma sauran jan daidai hadewa. Chanza kwayoyin halitta a cikin sunadaran ma a biyu bulan: kwafi da kuma fassara. Duk da cewa a lokacin farko babu gina jiki kira ba ya faruwa ba tare da na biyu shi ne, ba zai yiwu.

Watsa ne karshe lokaci a cikin aiwatar da bayanai a kayyade matakin. Wannan tsari na iya kawai faru a rayuwa Kwayoyin, kuma shi ne yafi wuya baya matrix kira kwafi da kwafi. A translation ya shafi duk wani nau'i na RNA, ashirin da iri na amino acid, daban-daban enzymes da sauransu. Rinjaye cibiyar dukkan abubuwan da irin wannan abubuwa a salon salula organelle, da ribosome.

The abin mamaki al'amari ne daidaituwa na duk hulda abubuwa na gina jiki biosynthesis: da bayani dalla-dalla enzymes masu yawa ne da nufin a da juna fitarwa a matakin kwayoyin. Ko da gangan gano kasawa da kuma kurakurai nan take shafe ta da enzymes, wanda, a ka'ida, sabõda su, kuma ba su karɓa.

hadin gwiwa da moriyar

Kamar yadda salon salula ribosome motsi tare da manzo RNA, sannu a hankali fito da ta fara site, shiga da wani daban-daban ribosome. Kuma da yawan irin da wasu gabbansa aiki lokaci guda a kan wannan DNA, na iya isa da dama dubun. Kamar wancan ne, daya ne kawai tushe matrix da ake amfani da haduwa da dama kwayoyin duplekatov polypeptide. wannan hadin gwiwa da moriyar da aka kira polyribosomes (polysomes).

Dangane da abin da irin sunadaran da ake bukata musamman cell ko kwayoyin a matsayin dukan, akwai wani Multi-polypeptide biosynthesis genes kuma sarrafawa da wasu dokokin sunadaran, wanda seamlessly kuma consistently aiki a wasu matakai na saki kayyade bayanai, ciki har da a lokacin watsa shirye-shirye.