Abinci sarkar: misalai. Kamar yadda tare da abinci sarkar?

A namun dajin shi ne kusan babu rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da cewa ba za a ci ta wurin sauran halittu, ko aka ba ta tabbata ga kowa abinci. Saboda haka, da tsire-tsire ciyar a kan da yawa kwari. Kwari da kansu su ne ganima domin ya fi girma tãlikai. Wadanda ko wasu kwayoyin ne raka'a wanda ya kafa abinci sarkar. Misalai na irin wannan "dogara" za a iya samu a ko'ina. Kamar wancan ne a cikin wannan tsari, akwai wani na farko da tunani matakin. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne kore shuke-shuke. Menene wasu misalai na abinci wadata haihuwarka? Wanne kwayoyin iya zama links? Ta yaya ne hulda tsakanin su? Game da wannan daga baya a cikin labarin.

janar bayanai

Kayayyakin abinci, da misalai na abin da aka bã kasa, shi ne wani takamaiman sa na kwayoyin, fungi, shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Kowane mahada ne a kan kansa matakin. Mun gina wannan "dogara" a kan manufa da "abinci - mabukaci". A saman da yawa abinci sarƙoƙi ne wani mutum. Fiye da daya kasa ko wata mafi girma yawan yawa, da karami raka'a za a dauke a cikin 'yan qasar jerin, kamar yadda mutane da ake tilasta su a cikin wadannan yanayi sau da yawa ci shuke-shuke.

Number of matakan

Har yaushe za su iya zama wani abinci sarkar? Misalai na tiered akwai daban-daban jerin. Mai bayyananniyar ne da wadannan: a cikin matafila jiki ba parasitic gardama larvae a gare su - nematodes (tsutsotsi), a cikin tsutsotsi, bi da bi, kwayoyin, da kyau a cikinsu - da dama ƙwayoyin cuta. Amma wani iyaka yawan links ba zai iya zama. A kowace gaba matakin akwai wani karu daga biomass da dama dubun sau. Alal misali, muz 1000 kg shuke-shuke iya "halitta" da ɗari kilogram na jikinka. Amma da damisa, ƙara da nauyi da 10 kg zuwa 100 kg bukatar Elk. Yawan raka'a dogara a kan yanayi a wadda aka kafa daya ko wasu dabbobi abinci sarkar. Misalai daga cikin wadannan tsarin za a iya gani a yanayi. Saboda haka, frogs ne a fi so abinci na wasu jinsunan macizai, wanda, bi da bi, ya kuma ciyar a kan yara. Matsayin mai mulkin, da irin wannan "sequence" na ba fiye da uku ko raka'a hudu. Wannan "gini" aka kuma kira muhalli dala. A da shi, kowane gaba mataki ne da yawa karami fiye da na baya daya.

Ta yaya ne hulda a cikin yanayi na pyramids?

Ta yaya abinci sarkar? A misalai sama show cewa kowane nasara mahada dole ne a wani mataki na ci gaba fiye da na baya daya. Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da aminci, a wani muhalli pyramids aka gina a kan manufa da "abinci-to-mabukaci". Saboda cin abinci tsakanin sauran kwayoyin kwashe makamashi canja daga ƙananan zuwa matakai na sama. A sakamakon haka, wurare dabam dabam na abubuwa a yanayi.

Abinci sarkar. misalai

Conventionally, akwai da dama iri muhalli pyramids. Akwai, musamman dabbõbin abinci sarkar. Misalai da cewa za a iya gani a cikin yanayi, suna jerin inda makamashi canja wuri ya auku daga cikin mafi ƙasƙanci (cikin sauki) zuwa mafi girma kwayoyin (da yara). Wadannan pyramids, musamman, sun hada da wadannan jerin: "matafila linzamin kwamfuta-viper-urchins-fox", "rodent da yara." Wani detrital kayayyakin abinci, da misalai na abin da za a ba nana, shi ne wani jerin a cikin abin da biomass ba amfani da yara, da kuma putrefaction faruwa aiwatar shafe kwayoyin. An yi imani da cewa wannan muhalli dala fara da shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, musamman, shi ya dubi abincin sarkar na gandun daji. Misalan sun ha] da wadannan: "rot-auku ganye shafe microorganisms", "matattu tsokoki na shuke-shuke, fungi millipede-makewayi-fungi nogohvostiki mites (da yara) -hischniki-millipede-kwayoyin".

Kera da kuma masu amfani da

A cikin babban jiki na ruwa (teku, teku) planktonic unicellular algae ne abinci ga cladocerans (tace feeders dabbobi). Su, bi da bi, su ne ganima ga yara sauro larvae. Wadannan kwayoyin ciyar a kan wasu jinsunan kifaye. Suka ciyar a kan girma predatory mutane. Wannan muhalli dala - misali Sea abinci sarkar. All kwayoyin da cewa aiki a matsayin links, suna a daban-daban trophic matakan. A mataki na farko ne kera, gaba - consuments farko domin (masu amfani da). The uku trophic matakin amfani da su ne 2nd domin (primary dabbobi masu cin nama). Su, bi da bi, ya zama abincinku da yara sakandare - uku-domin masu amfani da,, kuma don haka a. Matsayin mai mulkin, muhalli da dala ƙasar hada da uku zuwa biyar raka'a.

waje kandami

Domin shiryayye tẽku, a inda gangaren nahiyar fiye ko žasa steeply zuwa cikin tẽku mai zurfi a fili fãra bude teku. A wannan yankin, zai fi dacewa blue da kuma bayyana ruwa. Wannan shi ne saboda babu dakatar inorganic mahadi da wani karami girma na planktonic microscopic shuke-shuke da dabbobi (phytoplankton da zooplankton). A wasu wuraren, da ruwa surface wani musamman irin haske blue color. Alal misali, da Sargasso Sea. A irin haka ne muka yi magana da abin da ake kira teku Hamada. A cikin wadannan yankunan, ko da a zurfin tsawon dubban mitoci ta amfani da kayan aiki mai mahimmanci iya gane burbushi na haske (a cikin blue-kore bakan). Open teku ne muhimmi a cikin cikakken rashi na zooplankton larvae na daban-daban benthic kwayoyin (echinoderms, molluscs, crustaceans), wanda lambar da yake a matsayin nesa daga bakin tekun saukad da sharply. Kamar yadda a cikin kududdufi ruwa, da kuma sararin expanses a hasken rana ayyukan matsayin tafin kafa makamashi Madogararsa. A sakamakon haka, da photosynthetic phytoplankton yin amfani da chlorophyll kafa gudanar da mahadi daga carbon dioxide da kuma ruwa. Saboda haka abin da ake kira primary kayayyakin.

Sea links na abinci sarkar

Hada algae gudanar da mahadi aka canjawa wuri kai tsaye ko a kaikaice to duk kwayoyin. Na biyu mahada na abinci sarkar a cikin tẽku dabbobi ne tace feeders. Kwayoyin, phytoplankton aka gyara mallaka microscopically kananan girma (0.002-1mm). Sau da yawa suka samar da mazauna, amma su size bai wuce biyar millimeters. The uku mahada ne dabbobi masu cin nama. Sun ci tace feeders. A cikin teku, kazalika a kan teku, wadannan kwayoyin ne da yawa. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman, siphonophores, tsefe jelly, jellyfish, copepods, chaetognaths, karinaridy. Daga cikin kifi ya tace feeders kamata hada da herring. Su main abinci ne copepods kafa a arewacin ruwan manyan clumps. A karo na hudu da rabi dauke carnivorous manyan kifaye. Wasu jinsunan da kasuwanci darajar. Don karshe mahada kamata kuma sun hada da cephalopods, toothed Whales da seabirds.

Na gina jiki kai

Sauye gudanar da mahadi a cikin abinci sarkar yana tare da gagarumin makamashi hasarori. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda da gaskiyar cewa mafi yawan shi an ciyar a kan metabolism. Game da 10% na makamashi yana tuba a cikin jiki na jiki abu. Saboda haka, misali, irin kifi, cin planktonic algae kuma nasa ne da tsarin da short na musamman kayayyakin abinci, da zai iya ci gaba a cikin irin manyan yawa, kamar yadda ya faru a Peru halin yanzu. Transfer abinci a cikin faɗuwar rana yankin da kuma zurfin da haske ne saboda da aiki a tsaye na hijira na zooplankton, da kuma wasu jinsunan kifaye. Motsi sama da kasa da dabbobi a daban-daban sau ne a daban-daban zurfin.

ƙarshe

Ba dole ne a ce cewa mikakke abinci sarkar ne quite rare. A mafi muhalli pyramids hada da wata alƙarya na zuwa mahara matakan. A wannan nau'in za a iya ci da kuma shuke-shuke da dabbobi. dabbobi masu cin nama da masu amfani da za a iya kawota ta farko da kuma na biyu mafi girma da kuma umarni. dabbobin da yawa cinye rayayyu da matattu kwayoyin. Saboda haduwar mahada sadarwa, asarar da wani irin shi ne sau da yawa kusan babu sakamako a kan yanayin kasa yanayin. Wadanda kwayoyin da ya precipitated mahada a cikin abinci zai iya da kyau sami wani tushen abinci, da kuma abinci bace manajoji fara yin amfani da wasu kwayoyin. Saboda haka dukan al'umma rike da sikeli. Barga zai zama muhalli tsarin a cikinsa akwai karin hadaddun kayayyakin abinci, da ya kunshi babban adadin links, ciki har da wani jam'i na jinsuna daban.