Babban matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya: tebur

Akwai dukan kewayon kimiyyar nazarin asali matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya, duk su yi la'akari da wannan tambaya m, domin shi ne mai asali matsalar da na halitta kimiyya. Very muhimmanci binciken burbushin halittu na nazari akan ragowar shuke-shuke da dabbobi masu riga da epochs, shi ne kai tsaye alaka da nazarin juyin halittu na duniya.

Wannan kimiyya karatu da asali, saukarwa na ci gaba da rayuwa a kan Duniya ta rekostruirovaniya bayyanar, external kamance da kuma bambance-bambance, salon prehistoric, bitattu dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke, kamar yadda ƙaddara da kiyasta lokacin zama na wani nau'in. Amma binciken burbushin halittu ba wanzu a matsayin mai raba kimiyya ba tare da wani yawa na wasu, shi vspomogayuschih, wannan kimiyya ne a rarrabawa da nazarin halittu da kuma Sashen kimiyyar. Babban matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya da aka sake halittarsa da taimakon tarbiyya kamar:

• tarihi binciken kasa;
• stratigraphy.
• palaeography.
• kamanta haltta.
• paleoclimatology da yawa wasu.

Suna dukkan juna, ba tare da daya ba zai iya zama.

Sashen lokaci

Don haskaka da babban matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya, dole ne ka da wani ra'ayi game da irin wannan ra'ayi kamar yadda wani yanki lokaci. Ta yaya za a iya mutane sun gudanar ware wasu wucin gadi, saukarwa? A dukan sirrin da yake a cikin binciken na kankara. Gaskiyar cewa kankara ci karo da a wani lokaci daga baya, superimposed a saman wadanda cewa ya wanzu kafin. Kuma da shekaru wadannan yadudduka iya ƙaddara da karatu da sauran albarkatun da ke cikinsu.

Daga cikin dukkan su bambancin tsaya daga abin da ake kira kociya albarkatu, wanda su ne mafi yawa da tartsatsi ne. Abin baƙin ciki, ta amfani da rawa ba za ka iya saita mai cikakkar shekaru, amma a nan da masana kimiyya ba su daina, samun ilmi na volcanic dutse. Kamar yadda ka sani, da suka zo daga magma. Kuma alama da babban matakai na raya kasa na rayuwarsa a duniya.

A takaice aiwatar da kayyade cikakkar shekaru na volcanic kankara ne kamar haka: igneous kankara dauke da wasu abubuwa, idan muka ayyana da abun ciki na dutse, yana yiwuwa domin sanin cikakken shekaru na kankara sosai. Hakika, da akwai iya zama kurakurai, amma ba su wuce kashi biyar bisa dari. Bugu da m kuma yana da shekaru duniya tamu, duk masana kimiyya rike ta lambobi, amma kullum yarda da darajar ne biyar shekaru biliyan. Yanzu zabi babban matakai na raya rai a duniya, da tebur za su zama mana a cikin wannan hali ne mai kyau da wani mataimaki.

Era, da zamanin da ya lokaci

Duk burbushin halittu suke biyar matakai ko, a cikin wasu kalmomi, AD, kowanne daga wanda aka raba lokaci, duk wanda ya kunshi shekaru daban-daban, da kuma na karshe - daga cikin ƙarni. Archean da Proterozoic zamanin - wannan shi ne mafi zamanin da, wanda rufe game da uku shekaru biliyan. Su rarrabe cikakken rashin vertabrate kuma terrestrial shuke-shuke da cewa bayyana a cikin "zamanin tsoho rai", da farin ciki fiye da ɗari uku da miliyan shekaru. Next ne "zamanin tsakiyar rai", da Mesozoic (ɗari da saba'in da biyar shekaru miliyan), da rarrabe siffofin - ci gaban da dabbobi masu rarrafe, da tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, shuke-shuke, duka biyu flowering da angiosperms.

The latest, na biyar, zamanin - da Cenozoic, kamar yadda shi ne ake kira "wani zamanin sabon rai," sai ta fara shekaru miliyan saba'in da suka wuce, da kuma a yanzu muna rayuwa a cikinsa. Wannan zamanin yana halin da m ci gaba da dabbobi masu shayarwa, da mutuncinsu, mutumin. Yanzu mun dismantled da matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a kan Duniya A takaice, mun ba da shawara ga la'akari da kowane dabam zamanin.

archean zamanin

Wannan mataki maida hankali ne akan lokaci na dubu uku da ɗari tara da kuma dubu biyu da ɗari shida da miliyan shekaru da suka wuce. Sashe na daga cikin sedimentary dutse da cewa an kafa ta yin amfani da mai ruwa-ruwa matsakaici barbashi zauna a Afirka, Greenland, Australia da kuma Asia. Dukan su dauke da:

• biogenic carbon.
• stromatolites.
• microfossils.

A wannan yanayin, asalin da na biyu a cikin wani da aka ba lokacin ne ba a bayyana, misali, a cikin Proterozoic su suna hade da cyanobacteria. A Archean zamanin duk kwayoyin bi da su prokaryotes, da kuma tushen oxygen aiki a matsayin sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, da sauransu. All data kasance kwayoyin a duniya kama fumfuna fina-finan, mafi yawa located a kan tushe na kududdufai a volcanic yankunan.

proterozoic zamanin

Yana da muhimmanci a ambaci cewa wannan zamanin kuma zuwa kashi lokaci, wanda akwai uku. Bugu da kari, wannan shi ne mafi tsawo lokaci na tarihin mu (kamar shekaru miliyan biyu da). Idan muka yi la'akari da iyaka da Archean zamanin sa'an nan a wannan lokaci, mu duniya ta canja da cika fuska, redistributing ƙasar da ruwa sarari. Duniya wakilta kankara hamada, amma a karshen wannan lokaci da oxygen abun ciki ya kai kashi daya, wanda ya taimaka dorewa rai unicellular kwayoyin, algae da kwayoyin sun samo asali.

A ƙarshen Proterozoic kafa kwayar dabbobi, wannan zamani ne kuma aka sani da "shekaru jellyfish." A wurin da guda-cell kwayoyin kwayar zo qualitatively canja abun da ke ciki na yanayi, wanda na taimaka ga ci gaban rayuwa a wannan duniya tamu.

Paleozoic

Yana hada da yawa kamar yadda kwãnuka shida, na farko rabin ne da ake kira farkon Paleozoic, da kuma na biyu - marigayi. Early da Late Paleozoic daban-daban Flora da fauna.

A mataki na farko na juyin halitta za a iya gano kawai a karkashin ruwa duniya, ƙasar shiri fara kawai a cikin Devonian, wanda Dates ga marigayi Paleozoic.

A Mesozoic zamanin

Mu yanzu zo da mafi ban sha'awa zamanin, mai m arziki da kuma bambance bambancen rayuwa, gwamnatin for game da ɗari da tamanin da biyar da miliyan shekaru. Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga tebur, ta, ma, ne zuwa kashi uku lokaci. Alli, idan aka kwatanta da Jurassic da kuma triasovskim, mafi tsawo (saba'in da daya shekaru miliyan).

Amma ga sauyin yanayi, shi duka ya dogara da wuri na nahiyoyi. Ba kamar mu sauyin yanayi ya ta'allaka ne da cewa:

• shi da yawa a warmer fiye da na zamani;
• babu zazzabi bambanci tsakanin ekweita da sandunan.

Bugu da kari, cikin iska ya gumi, wanda da gudummawar da m cin gaban rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Idan ka je a kan fauna, mafi musamman kungiyar - don ganin dinosaur. Sun mamaye wata rinjaye matsayi a kan sauran siffofin rai godiya ga tsarin da kwayoyin, da physiological data da kuma mayar da martani.

Saboda haka, nazarin tambaya na abin da su ne babban matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya, mun gano biyar, saukarwa. Don kammala hoton ta zauna da la'akari da wani. Mun bayar da su fara yanzu.

Cainozoic zamanin

Wannan shi ne wani sabon zamanin, wanda yana zuwa wannan rana. Nahiyoyi yi tsiwirwirinsu wani zamani look, ya bace karshe dinosaur a duniya aka mamaye tsirrai da dabbobi, waxanda suke da matukar saba mana. Mun sake nazari babban matakai na raya kasa na rayuwa a duniya a takaice, rũsa duk matakai dabam, sanya kanmu da burin da aka cimma.