Explorers na Antarctica. Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen. Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. Wanda ya gano Antarctica?

Antarctica - wata nahiyar da aka located a kudancin duniya tamu. Its cibiyar ne guda (wajen) zuwa kudu yanayin iyakacin duniya. Tekuna kewaye Antarctica: Pacific, India da kuma Atlantic. Tattara abubuwa masu kyau, sai suka samar da Kudancin Ocean.

Duk da matsananci yanayi, da fauna da wannan nahiyar, har yanzu akwai shi. Yau mazaunan Antarctica - yana da fiye da 70 jinsunan halittu sun. Har ila yau, akwai nau'I hudu na penguins gida. Ko da mazaunan Antarctica faru a tsufa. Wannan za a nuna ta da ragowar dinosaur samu a nan. A wannan ƙasa, ko da wani mutum da aka haife (shi ne karon farko da a cikin 1978).

A tarihin bincike a Antarctica kafin balaguro na Bellingshausen da Lazarev

Bayan cewa James Cook cewa asashe karkashin kudancin Arctic Circle, ba su da samuwa ga fiye da shekaru 50, babu mai bincike ba ya so ya yi musu a yi ra'ayi na manyan iko. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin 1800-10 biennium. a cikin Pacific Ocean, ta subantarctic band Birtaniya matuƙan sami kananan ƙasar. A 1800, Genri Uoterhauz samu a nan Antipodes Islands, a 1806 Ibrahim Bristow bude Auckland Islands, da kuma a 1810 Frederick Hesselbro zo a game. Campbell.

Opening na New Shetland W. Smith

Uilyam Smit, wani shugaba na Ingila, wanda aka tafiya tare a load a Valparaiso a kan Birgediya "Williams" da aka jefa ta cikin hadari kashe Cape Kakakin a kudu. A 1819, a kan Fabrairu 19, ya sau biyu ga ƙasar, located kara zuwa kudu, da kuma dauki ta hanyar karshen kudancin nahiyar. W. Smith koma gida a watan Yuni, kuma ya bayar da labaru game da wannan samu shi ne mai sha'awar dayansu. A karo na biyu sai ya tafi Valparaiso a watan Satumba 1819, kuma ya fita daga son sani to "da" ƙasa. Ya bincika Coast 2 kwana, sa'an nan ya dauki mallake ta, daga baya ake kira da New Shetland.

A ra'ayin don tsara wani Rasha balaguro

Sarychev, Kotzebue da Krusenstern qaddamar da Rasha balaguro, wanda manufarsa shine don bincika da Kudancin nahiyar. Alexander Na amince da shawara a watan Fabrairu 1819. Duk da haka, shi ya juya fitar da cewa a lokacin akwai 'yan kaxan matuƙan: sailing shirya wannan shekara a lokacin rani. Saboda kara na balaguro hada da iri-irin kotu - tuba a cikin wani sloop kai "Salãm", kuma da sloop "Gabas". Duka jiragen ruwa don ze tashi aka ba saba da yanayi mai wahala da iyakacin duniya latitudes. Su kwamandoji fara Bellingshausen da Lazarev.

biography Bellingshausen

Faddey Bellinsgauzen aka haife a tsibirin Saaremaa (yanzu - Saaremaa, Estonia) 18 ga watan Agusta, 1779. Sadarwa da masu jirgin, kusanci zuwa teku daga farkon shekarun da gudummawar da cewa yaron ya ƙaunaci Navy. A shekaru 10 da aka aiko zuwa Marine Corps. Bellingshausen, kamar yadda wani midshipman, ya shiga jirgin ruwa zuwa Ingila. A 1797 ya sauke karatu daga Corps da kuma bauta a cikin sahu na tushe jami'in a kan jirãge Revel rundujar soja masu dawaki tanã gudãna a cikin Baltic Sea.

Faddey Bellinsgauzen a 1803-06 ya halarci iyo da kuma Lisiansky Kruzenshtern, wanda aiki a matsayin mai kyau makaranta a gare shi. Sailor dawo gida ya ci gaba da sabis a cikin Baltic jiragen ruwa, sa'an nan, a 1810, da aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga Black Sea jiragen ruwa. A nan sai ya farko ya umarci jirgin ruwa mai filafilai "Minerva", sannan kuma da "Flora." Yawa aikin da aka yi shekara da shekaru na sabis a cikin Black Sea ga tsaftacewa da nautical Charts a yankin na Caucasian Coast. Bellingshausen ma da za'ayi lamba na astronomical lura. Ya pinpointed da lura na mafi muhimmanci da maki daga cikin tekun. Jagorancin da balaguro, don haka ya zo ya yi wani gogaggen ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, masanin kimiyya da bincike.

Wane ne MP Lazarev?

Karkashin shi da shi ya zama mataimakinsa, kwamandan da "Salãm", - Lazarev Mihail Petrovich. Ya kasance wani gogaggen, ilimi ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa, wanda daga baya ya zama wani mashahuri sojan ruwa kwamandan da kuma kafa Lazarev Sojan Ruwa Postgraduate School. Lazarev Mihail Petrovich aka haife shi a 1788, 3 Nuwamba, a cikin Vladimir lardin. A 1803 ya sauke karatu daga Marine Corps, sa'an nan for 5 shekaru yin iyo a cikin Rum da kuma Arewa Sea, a cikin Atlantic, Pacific da kuma Indian tekuna. Lazarev a kan dawo gida ya ci gaba da bauta wa a kan jirgin, "Vsevolod". Ya halarci fadace-fadace da Anglo-Swedish jiragen ruwa. A lokacin yakin duniya na II ya yi aiki a cikin Lazarev "Phoenix" dauki bangare a cikin landings a Danzig.

A ba da shawara na hadin gwiwa Rasha-American Company a watan Satumba 1813, ya zama shugaban jirgin "Suvorov", wanda ya sanya ta farko da tafiya a duniya to gaba na Alaska. A wannan tafiya, ya nuna kansa da matakai da m sojan ruwa jami'in da wani jarumi Explorer.

Shirye-shirye na balaguro

Na dogon lokaci akwai wani maye gurbin kocin kasar na kyaftin na "Gabas" da kuma shugaban na balaguro. Kawai wata daya kafin a fita zuwa bude teku da shi da aka amince da JJu Bellingshausen. Saboda haka, aikin a kan sa na biyu crews daga wadannan jiragen ruwa (game da 190 mutane), kazalika da bayar da su tare da zama dole na dogon tafiya, kuma hira a sloop "Aminci" sa a kan kafadu na kwamandan jirgin cikin natsuwa, MP Lazarev. Babban aiki na balaguro aka kaddamarda matsayin zalla kimiyya. "Aminci" da "Gabas" sun bambanta ba kawai domin ta size. "Aminci" ya dace da kawai rasa daya, "Gabas" - a cikin tafiya gudun.

A farko bude

Duka jiragen ruwa Yuli 4, 1819 zo daga Kronstadt. Haka abin ya fara da balaguro na Bellingshausen da Lazarev. Matuƙan kai game. Kudancin Jojiya a watan Disamba. Su ne kwanaki 2 da aka za'ayi wani kaya na kudu maso yammacin tekun na tsibirin da kuma bude wani daya, wanda aka mai suna a cikin girmamawa Annenkov, Lieutenant, "Aminci." Bayan haka, je kudu-maso-gabas, da jirãge bude Disamba 22 da kuma Maris 23 kananan tsibiran na volcanic asalin (Marquis de kẽta).

Sa'an nan, ya koma kudu-maso-gabas, da Antarctic explorers kai bude D. Cook "Sandwich na Duniya." Wannan, kamar yadda ya juya waje, da tarin tsiburai. A sarari weather, rare a cikin wadannan sassa, Janairu 3, 1820 Rasha zo kusa da Kudancin Thule - mafi kusa ga iyakacin duniya rabon gādo a ƙasar, bude Cooke. Suka gane cewa "duniya" Wannan shi ne mai 3-m tsibiran rufe har abada kankara da dusar ƙanƙara.

A farko mararraba na Antarctic Circle

Rasha, guje wa mãsu nauyi kankara a gabas, 15 Janairu 1820 a karon farko haye Antarctic Circle. Kashegari da suka hadu a kan hanyarsu glaciers na Antarctica. Da suka isa wani babban tsawo da kuma miƙa bayan sararin sama. Members na balaguro tafi zuwa gabas, amma ko da yaushe ya gana da wannan nahiyar. matsalar da aka warware a kan wannan rana da cewa D. Cooke dauke baro: Rasha kusata da arewa maso gabashin tsinkaya "kankara nahiyar" shi ne kasa da 3 km. A 110 shekaru da kankara na Antarctica ga Norwegian whalers. Sun kira wannan nahiyar Princess Marta Coast.

A 'yan approximations zuwa babban yankin da kuma ganewa na kankara shiryayye

"Vostok" da kuma "Aminci", kokarin samun a kusa da m kankara daga gabas, 3 more sau da wannan bazara haye Arctic Circle. Suna so ne su je kusa da iyakacin duniya, amma ba zai iya tafi da kara fiye da na farko. Mutane da yawa sau da jiragen ruwa suna cikin hatsari. Nan da wata hujja rana duhu, da aka yin kankara, da iska girma karfi, da kuma sararin sama ke zama kusan ganuwa. A wannan yankin, da kankara shiryayye aka gano, suna a shekarar 1960 a cikin girmamawa ga Lazarev. Yana da aka tsara, duk da haka, da yawa zuwa arewa na yanzu matsayi. Duk da haka, akwai wani kuskure: shi ne yanzu tsayuwa, kankara shelves na Antarctica suna mãsu bãyar da bãya kudu.

Yin iyo a cikin tekun Indiya da filin ajiye motoci a Sydney

Yana ƙare tare da gajeren Antarctic bazara. A 1820, a farkon watan Maris, "Aminci" da "Gabas" raba a yarjejeniya domin mafi gano 50th latitud na tekun Indiya a kudu-maso-gabashin ɓangare. Suka sadu da a watan Afrilu a Sydney kuma zauna a can har wata daya. Bellingshausen da Lazarev a watan Yuli yayi nazari da Tuamotu tarin tsiburai, ya gano a nan a yawan zaune atolls, wanda ba a tsara da kuma ambace su da su girmama na Rasha statesmen, generals da admirals.

m binciken

K. Thorson komai a fili a karo na farko a kan atolls Greig da Moller. Kuma located in yamma da kuma a tsakiyar Tuamotu aka mai suna Bellingshausen game da ku-Russia. A arewa maso yammacin tsibirin a kan taswira bayyana Lazarev. Jirãge daga can zuwa Tahiti. 1 ga watan Agusta zuwa arewa, sun samu shi game. Gabas, kuma a kan Agusta 19 a kan hanyar dawo wa Sydney samu zuwa kudu-maso-gabas da Fiji da dama tsibiran, ciki har da tsibirin Simonov da Mikhailov.

New hari a kan babban yankin

A watan Nuwamba shekarar 1820, bayan parking a Port Jackson, da balaguro tafi zuwa ga "babban yankin kankara floe" da kuma msa iskar tsakuwa a tsakiyar watan Disamba. Sloops uku mafi haye Arctic Circle. Sau biyu da suka kasance kusa da babban yankin ba ta dace, duk da haka, a kashi na uku don ganin hujjõji bayyanannu daga ƙasar. A 1821, Janairu 10th, da balaguro koma kudu, amma aka tilasta koma baya da baya ga kankara gaban haifar. Rasha, da al'amari zuwa gabas, ya ga 'yan sa'o'i a bakin. Island rufe da dusar ƙanƙara, aka mai suna a cikin girmamawa Peter I.

Opening Alexander I Coast

Janairu 15 a sarari weather Antarctic explorers gani a ƙasar kudu. Tare da "Aminci" bude headland alaka zuwa wani rangadi na low duwãtsu kunkuntar tsiri, kuma tare da "Gabas" ya bayyane duwatsu Coast. Bellingshausen kira shi "Ku yi hankali da Alexander I". Samun, ta hanyar zuwa da shi saboda m kankara, da rashin alheri, shi ya gaza. Bellingshausen sake juya kudu, kuma ya shiga Drake nassi, gano a nan New Shetland, bude W. Smith. Majagaba Antarctica nazari ta kuma gano cewa, shi ne wani jerin tsibiran cewa mika kusan 600 km zuwa gabas. Wasu Kudu Shetland Islands aka mai suna a cikin memory daga cikin fadace-fadace da Napoleon.

A sakamakon balaguro

Janairu 30, an gano cewa "Gabas" manyan overhaul ake bukata, da kuma aka yanke shawarar zuwa juya zuwa arewa. A 1821, 24 Yuli, da sloop koma zuwa Kronstadt, bayan tafiya na 751 days. A wannan lokaci, da discoverers na Antarctica da aka tafiya 527 kwanaki, da kuma 122 daga cikinsu - da kudu na 60 ° S. w.

Bisa ga sakamakon cikakken Gwargwadon balaguro ne mafi girma a cikin karni na 19th kuma na farko a cikin tarihin na Rasha Antarctic Fe. Wani sabon bangare na duniya da aka gano, suna bayan da Antarctic. By ta bankuna 9 sau kusata da Rasha matuƙan, da kuma hudu da aka gabatowa a nesa na 3-15 km. Discoverers na Antarctica da farko aka bayyana a cikin adjoining "kankara nahiyar" babban ruwa, tallace da aka bayyana a cikin kankara nahiyar, da kuma a general ne daidai faye hali na ta sauyin yanayi. 28 abubuwa da aka tsara Antarctica, da kuma dukkan su samu Rasha sunan. A yammacin sahara, da kuma a babban kudancin latitudes da aka saukar 29 tsibiran.