Alamun aluminum. Aluminum: halayyar halayya

Kowace hadewar sinadaran za a iya la'akari daga ra'ayi na ilimin kimiyya guda uku: ilimin lissafi, ilmin sunadarai da ilmin halitta. Kuma a cikin wannan labarin za mu yi kokarin ba da alamun aluminum kamar yadda ya kamata. Wannan wani abu ne mai sinadaran dake cikin rukuni na uku da na uku, bisa ga tebur na lokaci. Aluminum shine karamin da ke da nauyin haɗari. Har ila yau, a cikin mahaɗanta zai iya tsinkayen abubuwan amphoteric. Ginin aluminum na atomatik shine nau'i ashirin da shida da tawadar.

Yanayin jiki na aluminum

A karkashin yanayi na al'ada, yana da m. Al'amarin aluminum shine mai sauqi. Ya ƙunshi nau'in halitta (kada ku hade cikin kwayoyin), wanda aka haɗe shi tare da ragamar kirki a cikin abu mai mahimmanci. Launi na aluminum ne launin silva. Bugu da ƙari, yana da luster mota, kamar sauran abubuwa a wannan rukuni. Launi na aluminum da aka yi amfani da ita a masana'antu na iya zama daban-daban saboda kasancewa marar tsabta a cikin gami. Yana da haske sosai. Yawanta shine 2.7 g / cm3, wato, yana da kusan sau uku haske fiye da ƙarfe. A cikin wannan ne zai iya samar da shi kawai ga magnesium, wanda ya fi haske fiye da karfe a cikin tambaya. Hardness na aluminum ne quite low. A ciki, shi ya fi dacewa ga mafi yawan karafa. Hardness na aluminum ne kawai biyu a kan Mohs sikelin. Sabili da haka, don ƙarfafa shi, an sanya allo da ke kan wannan ƙwayar ta ƙara.

Samun aluminum yana faruwa a zafin jiki na kawai Celsius 660 digiri. Kuma tana buzuwa lokacin da yayi zafi zuwa zazzabi na Celsius dubu biyu da ɗari huɗu da hamsin. Tana da ƙarfe da ƙananan ƙarfe. Wannan ba ƙarshen halaye na jiki na aluminum ba. Har ila yau ina so in lura cewa wannan ƙarfe yana da mafi kyawun haɗakar lantarki bayan jan ƙarfe da azurfa.

Yanayin jima'i a yanayi

Aluminum, siffofin halayen abin da muka ɗauka kawai, ana samun su a cikin yanayin. Ana iya kiyaye shi a yawancin ma'adanai. Alamar kayan aiki - na hudu cikin duka a cikin yanayin kwakwalwa. Ya nauyi sulusi da murabba'i a cikin duniya a ɓawon burodi ne kusan tara bisa dari. Babban ma'adanai, wanda ya ƙunshi siffofinta, su ne bauxite, corundum, cryolite. Na farko shi ne dutse wanda ya ƙunshi oxides na baƙin ƙarfe, silicon da karfe a tambaya, da kuma ruwa kwayoyin suna kuma kasance a cikin tsari. Yana da canza launin baƙaƙe: gutsutsurer launin toka, launin ruwan kasa da launuka, wanda ya dogara ne akan kasancewar tsabta daban-daban. Daga talatin zuwa kashi 60 na irin wannan nau'in aluminum ne, wanda za'a iya ganin hoto a sama. Bugu da ƙari, corundum yana da ma'adinai na musamman.

Wannan aluminum oxide. Sunan mahimmanci shine Al2O3. Zai iya samun launin ja, launin rawaya, blue ko launin ruwan kasa. Matsayinta akan matakin Mohs shine raka'a tara. Ga irin nau'in corundum duk sanannun sapphires da rubies, leucosapphires, da padparadzha (saffir sune).

Cryolite wani ma'adinai ne tare da ƙwayar mahimman tsari. Ya ƙunshi aluminum da sodium fluorides - AlF3 • 3NaF. Yana kama da dutse marar launi ko launin toka, tare da ƙananan ƙarfin - kawai uku a kan sikelin Mohs. A cikin zamani na zamani an haɗa shi a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. An yi amfani dashi a cikin tsarin ƙarfe.

Har ila yau, ana iya samun aluminum a cikin yanayi a cikin launi, babban abin da aka gyara shi ne oxides na silicon da karfe a cikin tambaya, hade da kwayoyin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, wannan nau'ikan sinadarai za a iya lura da shi a cikin abun da ke ciki na 'yan jarida, hanyar da aka kwatanta da sunadaran kamar haka: KNa3 [AlSiO4] 4.

Karɓar

Abubuwan halayen aluminum sun hada da la'akari da hanyoyi don kira. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa. Ana samar da aluminum a hanya ta farko yana faruwa a cikin matakai uku. Ƙarshen waɗannan shine hanyar da ake kira electrolysis a kan cathode da ciwon kwalba. Don aiwatar da irin wannan tsari, an buƙatar kayan oxyde na aluminum, kazalika da abubuwa masu mahimmanci irin su cryolite (samfurin - Na3AlF6) da calioum fluoride (CaF2). Domin maye gurbin aluminum oxide da aka rushe a cikin ruwa don ya faru, dole ne a yi zafi tare da cryolite da kuma calioum fluoride zuwa zafin jiki na akalla ɗari tara da hamsin digiri a kan Celsius sikelin, sa'an nan kuma wuce ta wadannan abubuwa a halin yanzu na tamanin miliyoyin amperes da kuma na lantarki na biyar- Hudu takwas. Sabili da haka, saboda wannan tsari, aluminum za ta zauna a kan cathode, kuma kwayoyin oxygen za su tara su a ƙofar, wanda daga bisani ya sa anododizes ya juya ya juya zuwa carbon dioxide. Kafin aiwatar da wannan hanya, bauxite, wanda aka samo asali daga aluminum, an riga an tsabtace shi da tsabtace jiki, da kuma aiwatar da abincinta.

Samar da aluminum ta hanyar hanyar da aka bayyana a sama yana da mahimmanci a cikin ma'auni. Akwai hanyar da aka kirkiro a cikin 1827 da F. Weller ya yi. Ya ƙunshi gaskiyar cewa ana iya samun aluminum ta hanyar sinadaran maganin tsakanin chloride da potassium. Irin wannan tsari za a iya aiwatar da shi kawai ta hanyar samar da yanayi na musamman a cikin nauyin zazzabi da inganci sosai. Saboda haka, daya mole na chloride, kuma an daidaita girma na potassium za a iya shirya daya mole alumina da uku moles na potassium chloride matsayin byproduct. Wannan aikin za a iya rubuta shi a cikin hanyar daidaitawa: АІСІ3 + 3К = АІ + 3КСІ. Wannan hanya ba ta sami karfin yawa ba a cikin tsarin aiki.

Fassara aluminum a cikin sharuddan sunadarai

Kamar yadda muka ambata a sama, wannan abu mai sauki ne wanda ya ƙunshi nau'in halitta wanda ba a hade shi cikin kwayoyin ba. Tsarin al'amuran suna kusan dukkanin ƙarfe. Aluminum yana da isasshen high sinadaran aiki da karfi rage Properties. Yanayin halayen sunadarai na aluminum ya fara tare da bayanin irin halayensa tare da wasu abubuwa masu sauki, da kuma kara hulɗa da magunguna masu ma'ana.

Aluminum da abubuwa masu sauƙi

Wadannan sun haɗa da, na farko, oxygen - mafi yawan abincin a duniya. Kashi ashirin da ɗaya bisa dari ya ƙunshi yanayi na duniya. Halayen wannan abu tare da wasu ana kiransa oxidation, ko konewa. Yawanci yana faruwa a yanayin zafi. Amma a yanayin sha'anin aluminum, yin amfani da iskar shaka a karkashin yanayi na al'ada - wannan shine yadda aka kafa fim din oxide. Idan aka ƙaddara karfe da aka ba da ita, zai ƙone, yana rarraba ta haka yawancin makamashi a cikin yanayin zafi. Don aiwatar da aikin tsakanin aluminum da oxygen, ana buƙatar waɗannan nau'ikan a cikin rabo mai girman 4: 3, wanda ya haifar da sassan biyu na oxide.

Wannan hulɗar sinadaran yana bayyana kamar yadda ya kamata: 4AI + 3O2 = 2AIO3. Haka kuma yiwuwar halayen aluminum ne tare da halogens, wanda ya hada da fure, iodine, bromine da chlorine. Sunan wadannan matakai sun fito ne daga sunayen halogens masu dacewa: hawan gwanin ruwa, iodination, bromination da chlorination. Waɗannan su ne halayen halayen haɗari.

Misali, bari mu ambaci hulɗar aluminum tare da chlorine. Irin wannan tsari zai iya faruwa ne kawai a cikin sanyi.

Sabili da haka, mu ɗauki nau'i na aluminum guda uku da ƙwayoyin chlorine guda uku, zamu sami sakamako guda biyu na masarar sunadarai na karfe. Halin wannan aikin shi ne kamar haka: 2Mana + 3СІ = 2USOMIN3. Hakazalika, za'a iya samun aluminum fluoride, da bromide da iodide.

Tare da sulfur, abin da ke cikin tambayoyin ya amsa ne kawai lokacin da mai tsanani. Don aiwatar da hulɗar dake tsakanin wadannan mahaɗannan guda biyu, dole ne a dauki su a cikin nau'i biyu na uku zuwa uku, kuma an kafa sashi na sulphide na aluminum. Ƙididdiga don amsawa kamar haka: 2Al + 3S = Al2S3.

Bugu da ƙari, a yanayin zafi mai zurfi, aluminum yana hulɗar da carbon, yana kafa carbide, kuma tare da nitrogen, yana samar da nitride. Mutum zai iya rubuta wadannan daidaitattun halayen sunadaran: 4AI + 3C = A74C3; 2Al + N2 = 2AlN.

Saduwa da abubuwa masu mahimmanci

Wadannan sun hada da ruwa, salts, acid, asali, oxides. Tare da dukkan waɗannan sunadarai, aluminum ya canza daidai. Bari mu dubi kowane hali.

Amfani da ruwa

Tare da abu mafi mahimmanci a duniya, aluminum yana haɓaka da dumama. Wannan yana faruwa ne kawai a yanayin saukan cire fim din daga oxide. Dangane da hulɗar, an kafa amphoteric hydroxide, kuma an sake fitar da hydrogen cikin iska. Samun sassa biyu na aluminum da sassa shida na ruwa, zamu sami hydroxide da hydrogen a cikin nau'i na biyu zuwa uku. An rubuta nauyin wannan aikin kamar haka: 2AI + 6H2O = 2AI (OH) 3 + 3H2.

Haɗi tare da acid, asali da kuma oxides

Kamar sauran ƙwayoyin ƙarfe, aluminum yana iya shigar da sauyawa. A wannan yanayin, zai iya kawar da hydrogen daga acid ko cation na wani karin ƙarfe daga gishiri. A sakamakon irin wannan hulɗar, an kafa gishiri a gishiri, an sake fitar da hydrogen (a cikin yanayin wani acid) ko ƙarancin tsabta mai tsabta (wanda ba shi da aiki fiye da wanda yake da la'akari). A cikin akwati na biyu, rage kayan da aka ambata a sama ya bayyana. Daya misali ne hulda da aluminum tare da hydrochloric acid, cikinsa da aluminum chloride da aka kafa da kuma sake shiga cikin iska, hydrogen. Irin wannan nau'i an bayyana a cikin hanyar daidaitawa: 2AI + 6HCl = 2AІСІ3 + 3H2.

An misali na hulda da aluminum gishiri iya zama ta dauki tare da jan karfe sulfate. Shan wadannan biyu aka gyara, mu ƙarasa da aluminum sulfate kuma tsarki jan wadda fada a cikin wani nau'i na precipitate. Tare da albarkatun irin su sulfuric da nitric, aluminum yana da nasaba da hanya. Alal misali, lokacin da aka kara aluminum zuwa wani bayani mai mahimmanci na nitrate a cikin wani nau'i nau'i daga sassa takwas zuwa talatin, kashi takwas na nitrate na karfe an kafa, kashi uku na nitrogen oxide da goma sha biyar na ruwa. An rubuta nauyin wannan aikin kamar haka: 8Al + 30HNO3 = 8Al (NO3) 3 + 3N2O + 15H2O. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne kawai idan akwai babban zafin jiki.

Idan kun haxa aluminum da kuma warwareccen bayani na acid sulphate a ma'auni na biyu zuwa uku, zamu sami sulfate na karfe a cikin tambaya da hydrogen a cikin rabo daga daya zuwa uku. Wato, maye gurbin canji zai faru, kamar yadda ya faru a wasu kwayoyin. Don tsabta, muna ba da daidaituwa: 2Al + 3H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + 3H2. Duk da haka, tare da bayani mai mahimmanci na irin wannan acid, duk abin ya fi rikitarwa. A nan, kamar yadda ya shafi nitrate, an kafa samfurin, amma ba a cikin nau'in oxide ba, amma a yanayin sulfur, da ruwa. Idan muka dauki nau'i biyu da ake bukata a gare mu a cikin rabo na biyu daga hudu zuwa hudu, to, a sakamakon haka muna samun sashi na gishiri da sulfur a cikin tambaya, kuma hudu - ruwan. Wannan hulɗar sinadaran za a iya bayyana ta hanyar daidaitawa: 2Al + 4H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + S + 4H2O. Bugu da kari, aluminum yana iya amsawa tare da maganin alkali. Don yin irin wannan sinadaran interactions dole dauki biyu moles na karfe, wannan adadin na sodium hydroxide ko potassium hydroxide kazalika da shida moles na ruwa. A sakamakon haka, irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate ko potassium, da kuma hydrogen, an kafa su, wanda aka saki a matsayin gas tare da wari mai mahimmanci a kashi biyu zuwa uku. Wannan zafin jiki na iya zama wakilci kamar haka: 2AI + 2KOH + 6H2O = 2K [AI (OH 4] + 3H2.

Kuma abu na karshe da za a yi la'akari shi ne alamu na hulɗa da aluminum tare da wasu oxides. Abinda ya fi kowa da amfani shine Beketov. Hakanan, da sauran wasu na sama, yana faruwa ne kawai a yanayin zafi. Don haka, don aiwatar da shi, kana buƙatar ka ɗauki nau'i biyu na aluminum da kuma daya kwayoyin ferrux oxide. A sakamakon hulɗar waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu, mun sami alumina da ƙarfe maras nauyi a cikin adadin guda biyu da biyu, kamar haka.

Amfani da karfe a cikin tambaya a masana'antu

Lura cewa amfani da aluminum yana da mahimmanci. Da farko, masana'antun jiragen sama suna bukatar shi. Tare da allo na magnesium, ana amfani da allo wanda aka danganta da karfe da aka yi la'akari a nan. Zamu iya cewa jirgin sama na ƙasa yana da kashi 50% na allon aluminum, kuma injin din shi da 25%. Har ila yau, amfani da aluminum ana aiwatar da ita wajen yin wirori da igiyoyi saboda kyakkyawan haɗakar lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da wannan ƙarfe da allo ta amfani dashi a cikin masana'antar mota. Daga cikin waɗannan kayan akwai ginshiƙai na motoci, bass, kayan kwalliya, wasu trams, da motoci na jiragen sama na al'ada da na lantarki. Haka kuma ana amfani da shi don ƙananan ƙananan dalilai, alal misali, don samar da marufi don abinci da wasu kayayyakin, kayan aiki. Domin yin fenti mai launi, foda na karfe a cikin tambaya ya zama dole. Ana buƙatar wannan fenti domin kare iron daga lalata. Ana iya cewa aluminum shine na biyu mafi yawan amfani dashi a cikin masana'antar bayan ƙera. Ana amfani da mahallinsa da kansa a cikin masana'antun sunadarai. Wannan shi ne saboda sunadaran sunadarai na musamman na aluminum, ciki harda kayan da ya rage da kuma amphotericity na mahadi. A hydroxide na sinadaran kashi a cikin tambaya ya zama dole don tsarkakewa ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da ita wajen maganin maganin alurar rigakafi. Har ila yau za'a samo shi a wasu nau'ikan filastik da sauran kayan.

Matsayi a yanayi

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an samo aluminum a cikin manyan ƙwayoyin ƙasa. Yana da mahimmanci ga kwayoyin halitta. Aluminum yana cikin tsari na ci gaba da ci gaba, ƙera kayan haɗin kai, irin su kashi, ligament da sauransu. Godiya ga wannan ƙwayarwa, ana aiwatar da tsarin gyaran nama na sauri. Ya kasawa yana da alamun bayyanar cututtuka: ci gaba da ci gaba da yara a cikin yara, da tsofaffi - ciwo mai tsanani, rage yawan aiki, rashin daidaituwa na ƙungiyoyi, rage yawan ƙwayar nama, sakewa mai rauni, musamman a cikin ƙwayoyin. Irin wannan sabon abu zai iya tashi idan ka cinye wasu samfurori tare da abun ciki na ƙwayar da aka ba su.

Duk da haka, matsalolin da ya fi sau da yawa shine haɗarin aluminum a jikin. Bugu da ƙari, alamun bayyanar cututtuka kamar nervousness, depression, cuta barci, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙarfin juriya, gyaran tsarin musculoskeletal sau da yawa ana lura, wanda zai haifar da fractures da sprains. Tare da raguwa mai tsawo na aluminum a cikin jiki, akwai matsalolin matsalolin aiki kusan dukkanin tsarin tsarin.

Wannan lamari zai iya haifar da dalilai masu yawa. Wannan shi ne da farko aluminum cookware. Masana kimiyya sun dade suna nuna cewa jita-jita da aka yi da karfe a cikin tambaya ba su dace da dafa abinci ba, saboda a yawan zafin jiki ana amfani da wani aluminum, kuma saboda haka, kuna cinye mafi yawan wannan siffar fiye da jiki.

Dalili na biyu - yin amfani da kayan kwaskwarima ta yau da kullum tare da abun ciki na karfe ko salts. Kafin amfani da duk wani samfurin, ya kamata a karanta shi da kyau don karanta shi. Kayan shafawa ba banda bane.

Dalilin na uku shi ne shan kwayoyi da suka ƙunshe da aluminum, na dogon lokaci. Har ila yau, amfani mara amfani da bitamin da kuma abincin abinci, wanda ya haɗa da wannan ƙwayar cuta.

Yanzu bari mu gane abin da samfurori sun ƙunshi aluminum don daidaita abincinku kuma shirya tsarin da kyau. Da farko, shi ne karas, sarrafa cuku, alkama, alum, dankali. Daga 'ya'yan itatuwa, avocados da peaches suna bada shawarar. Bugu da ƙari, fararen kabeji, shinkafa, da yawa ganye suna wadata a aluminum. Har ila yau, cations na karfe a tambaya za a iya kunshe cikin ruwan sha. Don kauce wa ƙãra ko žasa abun ciki na aluminum a cikin jiki (duk da haka, kamar kowane nau'in haɓakawa), kana buƙatar saka idanu akan abincinka kuma ka yi ƙoƙarin daidaita shi yadda ya kamata.