Allele da sauran kwayoyin halitta

Ma'anar genetics

Tare da gano kwayoyin da kwasfansu na kimiyya ya sami m sabon bincike tushe substrate juyin halitta - kwayoyin code. Abin da yake cikin shi shine bayani game da dukan canje-canje da masu zuwa na gaba don ci gaba da kwayar halitta an dage farawa.

Yanayin rashin daidaituwa da canji yana ba ka damar adana halaye mafi kyau, kuma maimakon gazawar samun sababbin abubuwa, inganta tsarin kuma taimakawa ga nasara a zabin yanayi.

Mahimman ka'idoji na kwayoyin halitta

A zamanin jinsin zamani, an karbi ka'idar gadon chromosomal, bisa ga abin da babban mahimman kwayoyin halitta shine chromosome - wani tsari daga kwayar halittar DNA (chromatin), daga abin da ake karantawa yayin da ake kira sunadarai.

Auren dangane da dama Concepts: da gene (a DNA kashi coding ga wani takamaiman fasalin naúrar), genotype da phenotype (sa kwayoyin halitta da kuma halaye na kwayoyin), gametes (jam sel tare da wani tsari guda da chromosomes) da kuma zygote (s diploid Kwayoyin).

An halicci jinsin mutum a cikin rinjaye (A) da kuma raguwa (a) dangane da mahimmanci na wani fasali a kan wani, duka (A da) da kuma nau'in kwayoyin halitta (A da B). Ana samun alamomi a kan wasu ɓangarori na chromosomes kuma suna ɓoye wani fasali. Dukkanin kwayoyin halitta ba su da kishi garesu: suna samuwa a kan shafukan daban daban kuma suna nuna alamun daban-daban. Duk da haka, duk da haka, dukkanin kwayoyin halitta ba su da damar yin hulɗa da juna, suna ba da cikakkiyar sababbin siffofin. Ta hanyar jigilar nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin za a iya raba su cikin homo- da heterozygous: a cikin akwati na farko, kwayoyin suna daya (AA, aa), a wasu lokuta sun bambanta (Aa).

Hanyar da kuma alamu na hulɗar jinsi

Forms gene hulda tsakanin Amirka jini T.H.Morgan karatu. A sakamakon bincikensa, ya bayyana a cikin chromosome ka'idar gadar hali. A cewarta, kwayoyin da aka haɗa a cikin daya daga cikin chromosome an gaji tare. Irin wadannan kwayoyin suna kira da alaka da kuma samar da abin da ake kira. Ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni. Hakanan, a cikin wadannan rukuni, akwai maimaitawar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar musayar chromosomes ta hanyar daban-daban shafuka tsakanin kansu. Bugu da kari, yana da cikakken mahimmanci kuma ya tabbatar da cewa jinsin da take nan da nan bayan juna ba su da wani rabuwa a cikin hanyar hayewa kuma an gaji tare.

Idan akwai nisa tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, to, yiwuwar rabuwa ya wanzu - wannan sabon abu ana kiransa "ƙarancin jinsin halitta ba cikakke ba." Magana da shi a cikin mafi daki-daki, hulda tsakanin wani allelic genes na faruwa a uku sauki makircinsu: cikakken dominance ba tsarkakakke rinjaye hali, bai cika dominance ba matsakaici kodominirovanie alama da kuma tare da gādon biyu halaye. Dukkanin kwayoyin halitta ba su da mahimmanci: bisa ga tsare-tsaren ƙaddamarwa, polymorphism ko epistasis. A wannan yanayin, duka halaye za a gaji, amma a cikin digiri daban-daban.