A farko Railway a duniya. A ci gaba da kai zhelenodorozhnogo

Don kwanan wata, a cikin ƙasa daga cikin manyan kasashe na duniya da aka aza kusan miliyan daya kilomita na Railway waƙoƙi. Ƙirƙira yawa aukuwa don inganta dogo kai: daga jirgin kasa motsi a kan wutar lantarki ga jiragen kasa, wanda matsawa a kan wani Magnetic matashi, ba ya ko taɓa reluwe.

Wasu daga cikin ir sun zama wani bangare na rayuwar mu, yayin da wasu sun zauna a matakin tsare-tsaren. Alal misali, ci gaban locomotives, wanda zai matsawa zuwa makamashin nukiliya, amma saboda babban hadarin da yanayi da kuma high kudi halin kaka su aka taba gina.

Yanzu shi raya duniya na farko Railway jirgin kasa domin nauyi, wadda za ta motsa saboda ta inertia da kuma nauyi.

A dogo safarar mai yawa m. Ƙirƙira sababbin hanyoyin sufuri da dogo, duk da cewa ga alama duk abin da aka riga ƙirƙira a wannan yanki.

Asalin da Railway kai

A farkon Railways fara bayyana a cikin tsakiyar karni 16th cikin Turai. Yana ba za a iya kira da dogo da cikakkiyar. A hanyoyi tafiya kekunan shanun, ja da dawakai.

Amma, wadannan hanyoyi da aka yi amfani da ci gaban da dutse, a cikin mahakar da mahakar. Su aka yi da itace, da kuma doki iya gudanar da shi a kan wani nauyi da yawa fiye da a kan al'ada hanyoyi.

Amma wadannan waƙoƙi da aka wata babbar drawback: suka sa fita da sauri, da kuma kuraye aka faruwa hanyoyi. Domin rage lalacewa a kan itacen, ya fara amfani da baƙin ƙarfe ko kuwa baƙin ƙarfe sanduna domin ƙarfafa.

Da farko railroads, reluwe aka sanya gaba ɗaya na Cast baƙin ƙarfe, karfe amfani ne kawai a cikin 18th karni.

A farko Railway jama'a

Duniya na farko Railway su safarar fasinjoji da aka gina a Ingila, Oktoba 27, 1825. Yana haɗu da biranen Stockton da Darlington, kuma da farko an zaci cewa shi zai safarar ci daga mahakar zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa Stokona.

Railway aikin tsunduma m Dzhorzh Stefenson, wanda tuni ya kwarewa a aiki da kuma manajan Railways Kilinguorete. Don fara da gina hanya, mu yi jira domin amincewa da majalisar na tsawon shekaru hudu. Mun yi mai yawa sababbin abubuwa adawar. Doki masu ba ya so ya rasa su samun kudin shiga.

A kashi na farko, wanda aka dauke da fasinjoji, ya tuba daga ci trolleys. Kuma a cikin 1833, don m kai daga hanya kammala kafin Middlesbrough ci.

A 1863, da hanya wani ɓangare na arewa maso gabashin kasar Railway, wanda wannan rana ne a aiki.

Railway karkashin kasa

Duniya na farko Railway, wanda ya faru a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, da aka nasara a filin daga jama'a kai. A farko Birtaniya gina shi. Da bukatar wani jirgin karkashin kasa ya zo a lokacin da mutane na London suna Masani ne tare da wuraren da cunkoso.

A farkon rabin karni na 19th a cikin tsakiyar titunan birnin akwai gungu na daban-daban kuraye. Saboda haka muka yanke shawarar "sauke" ababen hawa na tafiya ta hanyar halittar wani rami a karkashin kasa.

Project London karkashin kasa da rami da aka kirkiro ta Faransa Marc Izambard Bruyneel, wanda zaune a Birtaniya.

Construction na rami da aka kammala a 1843. Da farko ya yi amfani da kawai a matsayin mai tafiya a ƙasa mararraba, amma daga baya da ra'ayin da aka haife karkashin kasa. Kuma Janairu 10, 1893 da grand bude na farko a karkashin kasa railway.

Yana da aka yi amfani da locomotive gogayya, da kuma tsawon hanyoyin da aka sani kawai 3.6 kilomita. A talakawan yawan fasinjojin da ya 26 dubu mutane.

A 1890, akwai wani gyara na abun da ke ciki, da kuma sun fara motsa a cikin wani tururi-powered da wutar lantarki.

Magnetic dogo

Railway a kan wanda basu horo a duniya na farko tafi a kan wani iska matashi, aka jadadda mallaka a 1902 da Jamusanci Alfred Zeydenom. Kokarin da aka yi a da gina kasashen da dama, amma na farko da aka gabatar a kasa da kasa nuni sufuri a Berlin a 1979. Ta yi aiki kawai da watanni uku.

Jiragen kasa a kan Magnetic dogo tafi ba tare da taba da reluwe, da kuma kawai braking karfi ga abun da ke ciki - shi ne ikon ja.

Don kwanan wata, Magnetic levitation jirgin kasa ba zai iya gasa tare da layin dogo da kuma boye, saboda, duk da babban gudun motsi da kuma m (wasu jiragen kasa zai iya isa gudu daga sama zuwa 500 km / h), da yawan gagarumin drawbacks.

Na farko, shi bukatar manyan kudi da zuba jari ga halitta da kiyaye Magnetic hanya. Abu na biyu, da Magnetic levitation jirgin kasa. Uku, da electromagnetic filin sa mai girma lahani ga yanayi. Kuma, A nan, a cikin Magnetic reluwe hanya ababen more rayuwa ne sosai hadaddun.

A ƙasashe da dama, ciki har da Tarayyar Soviet, mun shirya halittar irin hanyoyi, amma daga baya sun ƙaryata da ra'ayin.

Railways a Rasha

A karo na farko a Rasha gada cikakken Railways aka yi amfani da Altai a 1755 - shi ne da katako, reluwe a mahakar.

A 1788 a Petrozavodsk mu gina farko reluwe zuwa shuka bukatun. Domin zirga-zirgar fasinja, a 1837, akwai da St. Petersburg Railroad - Tsarskoye Selo. A da shi ya tafi qagaggun tururi-powered.

Daga baya, a cikin 1909, Tsarskoye Selo Railway ya zama wani ɓangare na mallaka line, wanda da alaka da Tsarskoye Selo da duk Lines na St. Petersburg railway.