Amino acid tsarin. Definition da rarrabuwa na amino acid

Daga cikin babbar iri-iri na halitta abubuwa amino acid da wuri na musamman. Shi ne saboda su na kwarai darajar biyu a ilmin halitta da kuma kwayoyin sunadarai. Gaskiyar ita ce, daga amino acid kunshi sauki da kuma hadaddun kwayoyin sunadarai, waxanda suke da kafuwar kowane nau'i na rayuwa a duniya. Shi ne saboda wannan dalilin abin da kimiyya da aka biya tsanani da hankali ga nazarin al'amurran da suka shafi irin su amino acid tsarin, Properties, samarwa da kuma amfani. Manyan darajar da wadannan mahadi a magani, inda suke amfani da magani na shirye-shirye. Ga mutanen da suka suna tsanani tsunduma a nasu kiwon lafiya da kuma shiryar da wani aiki hanyarsa ta rayuwa, da furotin da monomers ne wani nau'i na abinci (abin da ake kira wasanni abinci mai gina jiki). Wasu daga cikin iri amfani da kwayoyin roba sunadarai a matsayin feedstock a yi na roba zaruruwa - enanth da nailan. Kamar yadda ka gani, wani amino acid taka wata muhimmiyar rawa sosai biyu a cikin yanayi da kuma a cikin al'ummar dan Adam, saboda haka kalle su a mafi daki-daki.

Features na tsarin amino acid

Mahadi wannan aji ne amphoteric kwayoyin abubuwa, watau dauke da biyu aikin kungiyoyin, sabili da haka ya nuna dual Properties. A musamman, a cikin kwayoyin ba hydrocarbyl radicals a haɗe zuwa NH ₂ amino kungiyoyin da carboxylic kungiyoyin COOH. A sinadaran halayen da wasu abubuwa da aiki a matsayin amino acid tushe, yadda acid. Isomers irin wannan mahadi aka bayyana saboda da canji ko da na sarari sanyi na carbon kwarangwal, ko amino matsayi, da kuma rarrabuwa na amino acid da aka kaddara tushen a kan tsarin fasali da kuma kaddarorin da hydrocarbon m. Yana iya ɗaukar kamannin mike ko branched sarkar da kuma dauke da cyclic Tsarin.

Tantancewar aiki aminocarboxylic acid

All monomers na polypeptides kuma su 20 jinsunan ba a cikin jiki na shuke-shuke, da dabbobi da mutane, suna L-amino acid. Mafi yawansu ba su dauke da wani asymmetric carbon zarra, juya yayin da juyawa da polarized haske katako zuwa hagu. Biyu monomer isoleucine da threonine - da biyu irin carbon kwayoyin zarra da aminoacetic acid (glycine) - m. amino Tantancewar aiki sukayi fassara yadu a yi amfani Biochemistry da ilmin sanin kwayoyin halittu da nazarin aiwatar da fassarar a cikin furotin biosynthesis. Sha'awa, da D-nau'i amino acid bai taba ɓangare na polypeptide sarƙoƙi na sunadarai, amma suna ba a cikin kwayan membranes da kuma na rayuwa kayayyakin na fungi, actinomycetes, cewa an, a gaskiya, an same su a cikin halitta maganin rigakafi kamar gramicidin. A Biochemistry da kyau a san abu da D-nau'i na sarari tsarin kamar citrulline, homoserine, ornithine, taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halayen da cell metabolism.

Mene ne zwitterions?

Again, monomers cewa sunadaran an hada da aikin kungiyoyi ne amines da carboxylic acid. Barbashi -NH ₂ da kuma COOH mu'amala tare a cikin DNA, wadda take kaiwa zuwa ciki salts, kira bipolar ion (zwitterion). Wannan bayyana ciki tsarin da amino acid na high ikon hulɗa tare da iyakacin duniya kaushi, kamar ruwa. A gaban caje barbashi a bayani yana sa su watsin.

Abin da ake α-amino acid

Idan amino kungiyar a cikin kwayoyin ne a farko carbon zarra, kirgawa daga carboxyl wuri wuri, irin amino acid nasa ne da aji na α-amino acid. Sun riga sun mamaye manyan wuri a cikin lakabtawa, saboda daga wadannan monomers da kuma gina duk ilimin aiki sunadarai na gina jiki, msl, kamar enzymes, haemoglobin, actin, collagen da kuma kama. D. A tsarin wannan aji na amino acid za a iya daukan misali glycine, wannan wanda aka yadu a yi amfani da neurologic yi kamar yadda mai daɗin shiri domin lura da m siffofin ciki da kuma neurasthenia.

International sunan wannan amino acid - α-glycine, shi yana da wani Tantancewar L-siffar da yake proteinogenic, cewa an da hannu a cikin translation tsari da kuma wani bangare ne na gina jiki macromolecules.

Sunadaran da rawar da suka taka a cikin metabolism na monomers

Ba shi yiwuwa su yi tunanin da al'ada aiki da kwayoyin da dabbobi masu shayarwa, ciki har da mutum, ba tare da ji ba gani, ya kunshi sunadarai na gina jiki. A sunadarai tsarin da amino acid a cikin su, ya tabbatar da su na zuwa α-siffofin. Msl, triiodothyronine da thyroxine samar da thyroid gland shine yake. Sun tsara da metabolism da kuma a cikin Kwayoyin suna hada daga α-amino acid tyrosine. A sauki da hadaddun sunadarai da ake samu a matsayin babbar 20 monomers kuma su Kalam. A prothrombin, wanda shirya jini coagulation, shi ne ba carboxyglutamic acid a myosin (tsoka gina jiki) gano methyllysine, da enzyme peroxidase - selenocysteine.

Sinadirai masu darajar sunadaran da su monomers

Idan akai la'akari da tsarin da amino acid da kuma su rarrabuwa, zai mayar da hankali a kan gradation dangane da ikon, ko kuma rashin iyawa na gina jiki monomers hada a Kwayoyin. Alanine, proline, tyrosine da sauran mahadi kafa a dauki na roba musayar, kuma tryptophan, da zangarku bakwai sauran amino acid da samun a cikin jikin mu ne kawai da abinci.

Wata alamar da wani daidai da daidaita cin abincin nasu ne matakin na adam amfani gina jiki abinci. Ya kamata ya zama a kalla da rubu'in daga cikin jimlar adadin abinci samu ta jiki a kowace rana. Shi ne da muhimmanci musamman cewa sunadaran kunshe ne a cikin abun da ke ciki valine, isoleucine, da kuma sauran muhimmanci amino acid. A wannan yanayin, sunadarai ake kira cikakken. Sun shiga jikin mutum daga shuka abinci, ko abinci dauke da fungi.

Monomers kansu sunadarai ba za a iya hada a dabbobi masu shayarwa Kwayoyin. Idan muka yi la'akari da tsarin da kwayoyin na amino acid, wanda ne ba makawa, za mu iya ganin cewa su ne don daban-daban azuzuwan. Saboda haka, valine da leucine ne aliphatic jerin, tryptophan - ga aromatic amino acid da kuma threonine - to a hydroxyamino.