Architecture da art na zamanin d Rasha. Addini zane-zane na zamanin d Rasha

A ci gaba da art da kuma gine-gine da style da haikalin Rasha ta asalin a cikin hazo lokaci. A 988 Kievan Rus 'tare da tallafi na Kristanci na da babban al'adu na Byzantine Empire, wanda hadawa da fasali na glittering ƙawa da gabas da yamma, ascetic sauki. A lokacin kira na Multi-art style da kuma asali art kafa musamman gine da kuma art na zamanin d Rasha.

Tarihi baya na wani asali style of gine da kuma art na zamanin d Rasha

Arts na zamanin d Rasha a matsayin abin tunawa ga pre-Kirista al'adu ne ba a sani ba zuwa ga zamani masana kimiyya, da kuma sassaka wannan zamani ne wakilta kawai 'yan katako, mutummutumai daga gumãka. A wannan halin da ake ciki ne da gine-gine da Monuments na pre-Kirista Rasha, mafi m, saboda gaskiyar cewa su aka yi da itace da ba a kiyaye su a ranar.

Zanen a Rasha fara jin ta m ci gaba a cikin 10th karni, a lokacin da, bayan gabatarwar da amfani a kan ƙasa na Rasha da Slavic haruffa Cyril da Methodius sanya yiwu musayar kwarewa a tsakanin Rasha da kuma Byzantine sana'a wanda gayyata bayan 988 shekaru a Rasha birnin Prince Vladimir.

A farkon 11th karni, da halin da ake ciki a fagen siyasa da zaman duniyoyin na Old Rasha jihar ya ci gaba a cikin irin wannan hanya da cewa arna addini bangaren fitarwa farko a kan tilas mulki aji daga dukkan duniyoyin da jama'a rayuwa. Saboda haka, gine-gine da kuma art na zamanin d Rasha ta fara cin saboda ya shiga wannan Laraba Byzantine al'adunmu.

Abubuwan da ake bukata don ci gaban stylistic fasali na gine-gine

Architecture da art na zamanin d Rasha a matsayin cikakke style gungu zo a karkashin tasiri kai tsaye daga Byzantine gine-gine, wanda shi ne hada nau'i na zamanin d Haikali gine-gine, a hankali kafa da kyau a san 10th karni irin giciye-domed coci, shi ne sosai daban-daban daga farkon Kirista basilicas. Canja wurin semicircular Dome a kan m gefuna da wani quadrangular tushe na cikin Haikali, ta amfani da latest ci gaba da "sailing" Dome na mai goyon bayan tsarin da sauƙaƙe ta matsa lamba a kan garun, Byzantine gine-ginen sun cimma matsakaicin fadada daga cikin ciki sarari da haikalin da kuma halitta da wani sabon nau'in Kirista coci gine-gine.

The sama yadda aka bayyana zane fasali dangantaka da haikalin, tushe na wanda shi ne abin da ake kira "wani Greek gicciye", wanda yake shi ne biyar murabba'ai shirya equidistant daga juna.

Da yawa daga baya - a cikin karni na 19th - a Rasha kafa da ake kira "na karya-Byzantine" style of haikali gine-gine, inda wani squat Dome siffofin suna located a kan ƙananan ganguna, belted taga arcades da ciki da haikalin ne na kowa yanki, ba a rabu da ginshiƙai, da giciye vaults.

Abubuwan da ake bukata don ci gaban stylistic fasali na zanen

Arts na zamanin d Rasha a matsayin mai raba irin m ado na Ibada dauki siffar bayan da ƙasa bayan baftismar Rus kawo su wurin hutawa kwarewa gayyace Byzantine Masters. Saboda haka, da yawa murals da frescoes na farkon Kirista majami'u pre-Mongol lokaci indistinguishable a Rasha da kuma Byzantine asalin.

A ka'idar, da kyau kwatanta icons, zane-zane na zamanin d Rasha ɗauka cewa Cathedral na Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, aikin in da fentin da Byzantine Masters. Haikali da kanta ba a kiyaye su, amma ta ciki ado ne da aka sani daga bayanin cewa an samu a cikin 17th karni. Gayyace painters zauna a cikin sufi da kuma aza harsashin ginin don koyan ya craft. Venerable Alypius da Gregory kasance na farko da Rasha artists da suka bar wannan makaranta na icon zanen.

Kamar wancan ne, art, gumaka, zane-zane na zamanin d Rasha gudanar da msar tambayar da methodological ci gaba daga zamanin d ilimi na Oriental Masters.

Bayani dalla-dalla gine-gine da kuma yi daban na zama gine-gine da kuma haikalin da Ancient Rasha

Culture of Ancient Rus, zanen, iconography da kuma gine wanda shi ne guda gungu, kadan shafi gine na jama'a da kuma zama gine-gine, wanda ci gaba da yin wani hali Terem gine-gine ko birãnensu. Byzantine gine-gine nagartacce ba zaci wani m kariya na gine-gine, ko kowane daga cikinsu dabam daga maƙiyi harin. Art of Ancient Rus, art da kuma gine-gine, wanda za a iya nuna ta da misali na Pskov da Tver sufi gine-gine, ya mayar da hankali a kan su tsarin tsaro, sauƙaƙe Dome na ginin da maksimalnnym thickening qazanta Tsarin.

Wurin hutawa Old Rasha zanen

Culture of Ancient Rus, wanda art ya cigaban karkashin m rinjayar Byzantine art, ya dauka siffar da ƙarshen 15th karni, tun tunawa dukan mafi m da kuma takamaiman halaye assimilated da asali Old Rasha art dabaru. Kuma ko da yake wasu art siffofin, kamar m kõre da mai walƙiya, kuma itace carvings aka sani Old Masters, mafi yadu amfani da kuma ci gaba a cikin ƙirjinka daga addini art suka samu kawai bayan zuwa na kiristanci a kasar Rasha.

Orthodox al'adu na zamanin d Rasha, da zanen wanda aka wakilta ba kawai haikali murals da iconography, amma kuma gyara man fuska da kuma dinki thread, nuna akudu kuma yi amfani da rayuwar yau da kullum na duniya mutane ya bar ta alama a ciki ado na gine-gine da kuma kayan ado na gaba.

Launuka iri-iri da kuma abun da ke ciki

Lama da icon-zanen nazarinsa na zamanin d Rasha ya da wani wuri na maida hankali na kimiyya nasarori da gwaje-gwajen a cikin sunadarai, kamar yadda suke mika fitar daban-daban sinadaran samar Paint.

A dada zanen gumaka a kan takardar da master advantageously amfani da wannan tawada. Sun kasance cinnabar, lapis lazuli, ocher, fari gubar, da sauransu. Saboda haka, gaskiya ne ta zuwa ga m basira zauna zanen na zamanin d Rasha: zamanin d art na Rum iya ba gaba daya maye gurbin gida hanyoyin samar da launi.

Duk da haka, a kowane musamman dabara na zanen suna, kuma suna da ya fi so dabaru da kuma hanyoyin - yadda za a tsirar da Paint da kanta da kuma hanyoyin da aikace a farfajiya.

A cewar novogorodskomu rubutun icon-zanen na 16th karni, mafi fĩfĩta da Masters amfani cinnabar, Lazor, fari, prazelen. A cikin rubutun da farko ya bayyana sunayen wadannan launuka - rawaya, ja, baki, kore.

White ne mafi mashahuri launi, mafi sau da yawa amfani a blends na launi, da aka yi amfani da aikace-aikace na gibba da kuma "razbelivaniya" wasu launuka. White samar a Kashin, Vologda, Yaroslavl. Hanyar sarrafa kunshi hadawan abu da iskar shaka daga gubar tube tare da kara acetic acid ta wanke sakamakon fari caramel.

Babban bangaren na "sirri harafin" ga iconography wannan rana ne ocher.

Arts na zamanin d Rasha, da kuma ta Byzantine misali shafi yin amfani da daban-daban launi palette daga cikin kayan a cikin rubuce-rubuce na mai tsarki image.

Daya daga cikin yadu amfani da asali launuka ya cinnabar - Mercury sulfide sulfur. Cinnabar aka mined a cikin shahararrun a Turai Rasha Nikitinsky filin. Production tawada faru a lokacin cinnabar trituration da ruwa, ya bi ta hanyar rushe shi a cikin wani concomitant da pyrite tama pyrite. Cinnabar za a iya maye gurbinsu da rahusa minium samu ta hanyar calcination gubar oxide.

Lazor kamar fari, tsara don rubuce-rubuce gibba da kuma samar da sautunan na wasu launuka. A baya, da babban tushen lapis lazuli sun Afghanistan ajiya. Duk da haka, tun da 16th karni, a manyan hanyoyi da yawa, don samar da wani blue pigment na lapis lazuli.

Bugu da kari ga wadannan asali dyes, an yi amfani da Rasha iconography Bakan, duhu ja, prazelen, kore, verdigris, Krutik ( "Sinilo") cushe kabeji, sankir (brownish sautin) gaff, Reft, game. tsoho mai zane-zane ta terminology ga dukkan launuka da daban-daban kalmomi.

Art style na zamanin d Rasha icons

Kowane territorially na game jihar ƙungiya auku a wasu bunqasar da m kuma na ado nagartacce, wanda kara rasa wasu dangane da reference samfurin. Irin wannan ya zama ruwan dare da kuma kai-tasowa filin na kasa da kasa da al'adu bayyananen ne ma'adanin na zamanin d Rasha. Ancient zanen fiye da wani yanki na art ne batun fasaha da kuma na gani canje-canje, don haka ya kamata kuma a ce game da fasali a hankali alaka da gine-gine da kuma rubuce-rubuce hanyoyin.

Mongol mamayewa halakar da yawa daga cikin fresco iconography da Monuments na zamanin d Rasha, ya bata da dakatar da aiwatar da rubutu sabon ayyukansu. Duk da haka, a wasu hoto na baya shi ne zai yiwu su mayar da kiyaye takardun da hanzari archaeological shafukan.

Daga cikin wadannan, an san cewa a wannan zamanin na pre-Mongol mamayewa na alfarma da zanen na zamanin d Rasha da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan iconography na dabaru - brevity na kumshin yi ciki kange launi - amma da 13th karni, da launi zai fara ba da hanya ga haske dumi launuka. Saboda haka, dabara Byzantine icons zuwa 13th karni da kuma shi ne a aiwatar da assimilation na refraction da irin wannan tsohon Rasha kasa art dabaru kamar yadda kyau da haske da launi, rhythmic kumshin tsarin da kuma bukatunsu na launi maganganu.

A wannan zamanin, cikin shahararrun master aiki, donosshie zuwa zamani art na Ancient Rasha - a takaice wannan jerin za a iya wakilta Moscow Lardi Bitrus, Akbishop Theodore na Rostov, St. Andrei Rublev da Daniil Black.

Features na Old Rasha fresco

Mural zanen a Rasha bai wanzu kafin zuwa na kiristanci da kuma aka gaba daya aro daga Byzantine al'ada a kan aiwatar da assimilation da kuma ci gaban da dama Byzantine gyaggyarawa data kasance dabaru da kuma kayan aiki.

Da farko, bari mu ce cewa al'adu na zamanin d Rasha, da zanen wanda kafin wanzu a cikin nau'i na mosaics, canza amfani da plaster na shirya kayan, da ake ji podmozaichnoe farar ƙasa ƙasa a ƙarƙashin mural, da kuma karshen 14th karni akwai wani miƙa mulki daga zamanin d Byzantine dabara da rubuce-rubuce da kuma samar da kayan - sabon primordially Rasha receptions fresco.

Daga cikin halin canza masana'antu tafiyar matakai sansanonin da Paints za a iya bambanta bayyanar plaster kafa kawai a kan tushen da m farar ƙasa, da farko diluted zuwa da ƙarfi daga cikin ma'adini yashi da marmara kwakwalwan kwamfuta. A cikin hali na Rasha zanen fresco plaster tushe - gesso - shi da aka yi da wani dogon shiryawa lemun tsami a admixture da kayan lambu mai da kuma manne.

Tsohon Rasha pictorial raƙĩƙi

Bayan 988 shekara, tare da zuwan vizantiyskiyh hadisai a cikin art na zamanin d Rasha, da tsoho art ne tartsatsi a yankin na daba al'ada yankin, musamman a cikin sirri dinki.

A yawa na shi aka ciyar Tsaritsyno nazarinsa aiki a karkashin laimar babban duchesses Sofi Paleologa Solomon Aloetic, Sarauniya Anastasia Romanova da Irina Godunov.

Waje dinki a matsayin addini art na zamanin d Rasha yana da wani yawa na kowa kumshin kuma mai hoto siffofin da icon. Duk da haka, na fuska raƙĩƙi - shi ne a gama aikin, tare da bayyana rarraba matsayin halittawa. A icon fenta wanda aka nuna a kan zane fuska, Kwalayen da, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa na tufafi, herbalist - shuke-shuke. A baya an ado tsaka tsaki launi; fuska da hannaye - siliki zaren fata sautunan, ciki har da dangantaka da aka sanya a kan Lines tare da contours daga cikin fuska. Tufafi da kewaye abubuwa ko ado da zinariya da azurfa zaren, ko Multi masu launin siliki.

Domin mafi girma ƙarfi daga cikin masana'anta underlay embroider zane ko zane, wanda aka lazimta a ƙasa na biyu rufi na taushi da nama.

Musamman wuya ne Mai kusurwa biyu kõre da mai walƙiya a kan Banners kuma Banners. A wannan yanayin, siliki da zinariya thread ya keta ta.

Front raƙĩƙi yana da m aikace-aikace - manyan da iska pelona ado Haikalin, karkashin sanya gumaka, da bagaden da aka rufe, amfani a kan Banners. A lokuta da dama, yadudduka da images of tsarkaka aka haɗe da ƙofofin Haikali, ko fada, kazalika da ciki da liyafar zauren.

Yankin bambancin tsoho art

Culture of Ancient Rus - zanen, iconography, gine - yana da wasu yankunanta variantivnost shafi biyu da ado na haikalin, kuma gine-gine da kuma yi siffofin na gine-gine.

Alal misali, art na zamanin d Rasha, wanda ya shafi yin amfani da art matsayin ado ciki na coci ko mosaics, ko frescoes, daidai saukar da misali na Cathedral of St. Sophia. A nan akwai free hade da mosaic da mural zane-zane, ya bayyana biyu share fage Layer karkashin jarrabawa Haikali. The Church of Transfiguration na kauye Manyan Vyazemy duk plaster tushe sanya tsantsa lemun tsami ba tare da fillers. Kuma a Spassky babban coci Spaso-Andronievskogo sufi matsayin wata gada plaster gesso saukar jini albumin.

Saboda haka, za mu iya cewa da singularity da kuma bambancinsa na zamanin d art ta'allaka ne a yankin fuskantarwa da mutum sirri da zaɓin da basira na Rasha artists ya sadar da launi da kuma yanayi na da ra'ayin cewar ta kasa dokoki.