Architecture: da capstone.

Ado abubuwa ne wani muhimmin bangaren da gine-gine da tsarin da m image. Kowane gine na da musamman sa na ado da cikakken bayani. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne keystone. Its muhimmanci gine-ginen yawanci aka nuna da babban adadin.

Mene ne keystone a gine?

Saboda haka tsarin da aka kira karfi protruding daga cikin jirgin saman na bango da rabi, da crowning baka ko arched vault. Ya yawanci yana da wani sandan siffar. Sanya na tsada kayan. Bugu da kari, wani ado keystone yana aikin muhimmanci - Qarfafa baka tsarin a cikin m, precarious a wurinsa.

Stone a matsayin wata alama

Kalmar "keystone" a saboda Hakika shiga mu rayuwar yau da kullum kuma ya zama wata alama ce da karfin da kwanciyar hankali, bisa ga mafi muhimmanci, da tsakiyar kashi na dukan "zane". Alal misali, a cikin harkokin siyasa - a al'umma da cewa ita ce da tabbaci a kudi na wani karfi kuma mai hikima mai mulki ta dalĩli. A Kristanci, cikin "capstone" sau da yawa ake magana a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki a matsayin tushen addini, kuma a gaskiya na tashin Yesu Almasihu a matsayin kafuwar addini. A cikin hali na kin amincewa ko sukar wannan al'amari kanta addinin Kirista za a wanzuwa.

labarin

Arch kayayyaki da aka farko amfani a cikin art na yi ta Etruscans. Suna daga baya soma da Romawa da kuma girmamawa ga mu'ujiza. Shi ne saboda a bikin na kwanciya da arched zane capstone su tare da na al'ada shi ne inganci. Romawa samar da wannan yanki na da tsada iri dutse, da itace. Duk da yake cikin keystone na baka ba superimposed a kan zane. Aka kore shi a sandan cikin da shi don haka ya zama ta takalmin katakon gyaran kafa, kuma ya hau kan da yawa daga cikin kaya a baka goyon baya.

Keystone: wani irin, manufar

Amma ga ado na gine-gine, da keystones ne mai sauki, wanda ya kunshi sassa uku na sandan-dimbin yawa, da cibiyar na wanda tsaye fi gefe. Sau da yawa ado da taimako ko mascaron - da taimako image na muzzle na wata dabba ko wani mutum mutum.

Animal motifs a cikin zane na interlocking duwatsu da wani m ma'anar, irin wannan a ma'anar da tsoho layu, da suke nuna a kan "tawul din" - allon, a haɗa hadin gwiwa soket prichelin rufin bukka facade. A lokuta biyu, suka yi wani m aiki. Kuma a kan dagi za a iya sanya wata ãyã dauke da bayani game da marubucin da ginin. Wani abu kamar hatimi ko monogram. Wannan hadisin ya ci gaba da tsakiyar zamanai. Mafi na kowa image na zaki snouts. Bayan duk, zakoki sun kasance mai gargajiya alama ce karko, ƙarfi, ƙarfin hali da ƙarfin zuciya, kazalika da hukumomi a na da garuruwa. Su tsaron ƙofar gidan manya, har ma da wanda aka nuna a kan shigar da alkalama.

A amfani da stylistic kwatance Petersburg

Yana fito a kan bankunan na Neva wani sabon Turai birnin St. Petersburg a mataki na farko da Mazankova da katako, gine-gine. Duk da haka, bayan 1718 a Vasilevsky Island, kuma daga baya a kan hagu banki, ya fara kafa dutse hankula gidan tsara da m na farko birni Domenico Trezzini. Petersburg style na farko kwata na XVIII karni, da ake kira Bitrus ta ko farkon Rasha Baroque. Daya daga cikin halayyar ado abubuwa sun sauki taga Frames tare da "kunnuwa" a cikin sasanninta. Wani - da keystone a cibiyar saman bar casing ko a sama. Wannan ado dutse a lokacin da aka sosai rakaitacce da, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ba ado ba frills.

A wannan zamanin Elizabeth keystones sun zama mafi ado bayyanar. Su aka yi wa ado da a tsaye GROOVES, dasu na makaman da taimako kayan ado, da kawa, da kuma wani lokacin a duk aka maye gurbinsu da stucco. A wannan lokacin, da gina facades ratsa windows na daban-daban siffofi, ciki har da wani semicircular baka, inda ne "Haven" capstone. Af, da ya fara yin amfani da shi a kan arches wannan irin - ko da a cikin zamanin da, yawanci a na gargajiya gine.

Tun 1830, a St. Petersburg classicism a cikin kayan ado wanda keystones za'ayi yafi a cikin nau'i Mascaron, hankali maye gurbinsu da wadannan styles - eclecticism. A can da shugabanci "historicism" a cikin wannan style, sake haihuwarsu a sabon haduwa da kuma hanyoyi na ado abubuwa na baya gine-gine styles. A cikin gine-gine na wannan lokaci, za ka iya samun daban-daban iri iri na ornamental duwatsu na castle.

A farkon karni na XX gine arewacin zamani keystones fara dauki siffar da kuma yin amfani da kayan lambu da kuma zoomorphic motifs.