Babban alama na romanticism. Alamomin Romantic a cikin wallafe-wallafe

Mutumin da ba shi da ilmi a cikin littattafai, yana magana game da wannan zamanin, ya rage muhimmancinsa ga irin wannan sanannen soyayya, wanda, ya kamata a lura, shi ne ainihin kuskure. Hakazalika, zato cewa masana kimiyya na wannan lokaci lokaci ya rage zuwa ga ƙauna. A gaskiya ma, duk wani aiki na wallafe-wallafe, zane ko zane-zane yana da kyakkyawar haske a cikin nau'o'in bayyanarsa, amma wannan ba ita ce alammar alamar kaɗai ba.

Wannan labarin zai yi ƙoƙari don ƙayyade ainihin fasalulluka game da abubuwan da suka shafi Romanticism. Saboda wannan, bari mu juya zuwa ga tarihin tarihin al'adu da al'adu na mutum, al'adunsa a fannin fasaha.

Timeframe

Kafin zayyana babban fasali na romanticism, ya kamata ka gane cewa a lokacin da ya kasance babban shugabanci a art. Halin fasaha na wannan lokaci ya tashi ne sakamakon sakamakon da ya dace da classicism. Idan mukayi magana game da yanayin lokaci, sarkin romantic ya tashi kuma an kafa shi a rabi na biyu na karni na 18. Kamar sauran wurare, dabarun da muka yi la'akari an kafa a Turai, wato a Jamus, daga inda ya yada zuwa Ingila, Faransa, Italiya da kuma Amurka. Bayan da aka fara nazarin abubuwan da suka shafi romanticism, shugabanci ya yada kusan a ko'ina cikin duniya.

Halin rashin amincewa da rashin daidaituwa

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, wakilan Romanticism sun rubuta ayyukansu don rashin daidaituwa tare da masana kimiyya na classicism, wanda art aka bayyana a wancan lokacin.

Dukkan ma'anar ita ce, dukan zamanin da suka gabata (daga ra'ayi na al'ada) a duniya akwai bambanci game da daidaituwa, bayanin kula da samfurin. Dangane da tsarin tsarin jinsi, ƙananan canons sunyi aiki, kuma abin da ke cikin ayyukan ya ƙaddara ne kawai ta hanyar matsala tsakanin zuciya da bashin. Irin wannan tsarin yana da iyakacin ƙwarewar matsala da matsaloli. Bugu da} ari, jama'a na wannan lokacin sun kasance mai saurin tsalle-tsalle, wanda ya bukaci canjin duniya a cikin tsarin kirkiro kuma ya kafa fasalin fasalin fasikanci.

Hakanan dan adam ya gane cewa ya kasance mai lalacewa, rashin tsaro a gaban sararin samaniya kuma ya dauki hankalin wannan lokaci tare da sabon sabon abu, mai kirkirar juyin halitta. Babban alama na romanticism shine a cikin wannan nuna rashin amincewa hanyar rayuwa, al'ada da kuma cikakke nauyin hali na marubuta, mawaki, mai zane ko mai rubutawa.

Halin hali ga marubuta

Idan a cikin Renaissance an sanya marubucin a kan matsi kuma an daukaka shi zuwa matsayin mahalicci, to amma classicism basu gane wannan ba. Wadannan kalmomi suna turawa cikin ban tsoro kuma suna ba da damar yin aiki da layi. Babban alama na romanticism ya kasance a cikin gaskiyar cewa wannan zamani za a iya amince da kira mutum-marubucin. Kundin wallafe-wallafen ya dawo da kalmomi, kiɗa - jin dadi, magana, da kuma zane-zane-zane, halayyar, wani jijiya.

Bugu da ƙari, batun aikin fasaha ya canza, amma wannan ya kamata a faɗi kadan daga baya.

Falsafa tushe

Kamar kowane abu a al'adun duniya, Romanticism ya dogara da wasu ra'ayoyi a falsafar. A Jamus, inda Trend ya watsa a fadin duniya, kamar kafuwar aikin yi ta hanyar Gotliba Fihte da Immanuel Kant. A kan ainihin koyarwar wannan lokacin shine matsala ta hanyoyi masu hankali na tunani. Duk da cewa ayyukan da aka ambata sun kasance tushen asali ne, sun kasance masu jayayya akai, godiya ga abin da hotunan hotunan ke buɗewa da dama.

Tsohon matsayi na batun Benedict Spinoza, John Locke da Rene Descartes sun kusan fada cikin bango kuma an yi musu mummunar zargi. Halittar tunanin mutum da kuma ƙaddamar da mutum a matsayin mai hankali ya zama wanda bai yarda da ita ba don jagorancin bunkasa kuma ya ba da damar yin waƙoƙin mutumin.

Irin wannan kyakkyawan shugabanci Jamus din Coleridge ya lura, godiya ga yadda tsarin romantic ya shiga Ingila kuma ya kara zuwa Faransa.

Bayyanai na halayyar halayyar fasaha

Tabbas, canje-canjen a cikin fahimtar falsafar ba zata iya canza canje-canjen a cikin aikin ba. Ayyukan fasaha sun fara samun sabon hali: sababbin nau'o'i sun shiga wurin, kuma sabbin 'yan sunaye sun fara fifiko.

A babban alama Romanticism a zanen fara nuna wani canji na aikin jigogi. Masu zane-zane sun fara jawo hankalin mahimmanci, wanda ba a sani ba, wanda aka boye a baya bayan sararin sama. Kullun dare sukan fara bayyana sau da yawa a kan tasoshin. Dalilin hanyar, tafiya ya zama wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa na zane-zane. Shirye-shiryen farko na canvases na wannan zamanin shine, a matsayin mulkin, ya biya hankali da yawa fiye da na biyu, wanda zai haifar da rashin daidaituwa.

Music na Romanticism ya sake dawo da furcinta, yana da hawaye. Bugu da ƙari - haɗuwa da ayyukan ya zama ƙari, kuma yancin jinsin sune fatalwa.

Kusan dukkan nau'o'in zane-zane sun kasance ta hanyar kin amincewa da raguwa mai tsanani zuwa ƙananan, matsakaici da ƙanana, wanda ya karbi mafi girma a yayin zamanin classicism.

Litattafai na Romanticism

Da yake magana game da wannan jagora a cikin fasaha, ya kamata a ba da hankali sosai ga littattafai, tun da yake a cikin shi akwai al'adun gargajiya na romanticism sun nuna kansa sosai da kuma bambanci.

An maimaita shi akai-akai cewa wannan hali yana nuna wani sha'awar duhu, gano kanka a wani nau'i daban-daban, neman 'yanci daga tarurruka da rayuwar yau da kullum. Idan ka dubi mafi shahararren, zaku iya ce daftarin aiki, aikin wallafe-wallafen, wannan fasalin za a iya samun sauƙi.

Yunkurin dakatarwa

Ãyõyin romanticism a wallafe-wallafen bayyana a cikin hanyoyi da dama. Da farko, yana da muhimmanci a jaddada yawan tsayayya da masu halitta na gaskiya, 'yanci, abubuwa masu girma da masu kira "philistines".

Hanyoyin wannan zamani suna ƙaddamar da kerawa, yana sanya shi sama da sauran abubuwan rayuwa. Wannan shi ne abin da ke ƙayyade kyawawan gwarzo na ayyuka na zamanin Romantic. Yana da kullum mutumin da yake rikici tare da sauran duniya, ba shi da wata hanya, yana ƙoƙari ya guje wa takalman ƙwallon ƙafa na yau da kullum da ƙayyadaddun rai.

Gunaguni tsakanin duniyoyi biyu

Babban fasali na romanticism a cikin wallafe-wallafen an ƙaddara ta wurin kasancewar wani nau'i na wajibi, mai ban mamaki, na biyu jirgin sama na gaskiya. Idan aka bayyana ma'anar maganganu na zamani, ana iya kiran wannan ɓangaren fasaha mai kira dvoemirieem. Gwargwadon jima'i yana da halin halin da ake ciki. Sihiri da mundane cu] anya a shafukan da wallafe-wallafen da ayyuka a lokaci guda, kasancewa a akai rikici da juna.

Sanin wuri da lokaci

Hanyoyin fasali na romanticism a wallafe-wallafen suna bayyana a cikin launi da ake kira launi. Mawallafi na wannan lokaci sun kasance suna mai da hankali sosai ga al'ada, nazarin tarihi, al'ada, wanda aka nuna a cikin labarun rubutu. Sarakuna, tituna, zamanin suna koyaushe, bayyananne a cikin wallafe-wallafen wannan lokacin.

Abin lura ne cewa marubuta sun fi sau da yawa suyi bayanin abubuwan da suka faru a zamanin da, maimakon a yanzu. Kusan kusan a cikin ayyukan akwai lokaci mai nĩsa tsakanin rubuce-rubucen aikin da abubuwan da ke ciki. Ko da mahimman labaran labarun yau da kullum sunyi da gaske da ainihin gaskiyar, sun shiga ciki.

Ta yaya aka nuna wannan a cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha?

Ko shakka babu, magungunan jin dadi ba za su iya kewaye da wallafe-wallafe ba. Masu rubutun da mawaƙa sun yi tsayin daka suka karbi batutuwa na Turai kuma sun dace da gaskiyar su. Idan kayi la'akari da wallafe-wallafe na Rasha wanda ya wanzu a wannan lokaci, za ka ga cewa ainihin siffofin rukuni na Rasha sun nuna, a sama duka, a kokarinsa na sihiri, na ruhaniya, da kuma wani lokaci har ma da demonic. Idan a cikin ayyukan masana marubutan Turai wannan lokacin ya kasance kawai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kayan, a cikin wallafe-wallafen Rasha ya zama rinjaye.

Ba kamar Ingilishi ko Litattafan Jamus ba, ko da yake shahararrun dabi'u na halayyar soyayya, ya fi mayar da hankali ga ayyukan wasan kwaikwayon: ballads, poems, poems, maimakon littattafai da gajeren aiki aiki. Shayari ya zama abin kirkirar kirkirar wannan lokaci.

Hanyoyin fassarar rukuni na Rasha da yawa sun kasance tare da Turai, duk da haka, kuma sun bambanta da shi, wanda ya faru saboda tarihin wannan lokaci.

Wakilai a cikin wallafe-wallafe

Hakika, ya kamata ka fara da Jamusanci Romantics, kamar yadda suka ba duniya wannan wallafe-wallafen motsi. Tabbas, na farko, waɗannan 'yan uwan Schlegel da Novalis ne, waɗanda suka fara bayyana kansu wakilan sabon fasaha. Babban alama na romanticism - marmarin tserewa daga gaskiya - bayyana a cikin ayyukansu da wuri da kuma iko sosai. Hakika, Heinrich Heine da Johann Wolfgang Goethe suna cikin manyan wakilan wannan jagoran.

A Ingila, babban wakilan Romanticism - yana da Dzhordzh Gordon Byron, Uilyam Bleyk da kuma Robert Burns. Daga cikin mawallafan Faransanci na wannan shugabanci ba za a kira su Victor Hugo, Chateaubriand, Adelbert Musset.

Dangane da wakilan Rasha sune farkon, Zhukovsky, Batiushkov, Odoevtsev. A cikin tsarin wannan fasaha, wasu ayyukan Pushkin sunyi kyau (Ruslan da Lyudmila suna kallon su da yawa masu binciken su zama aiki na musamman).

Ɗaya daga cikin misalan misalai na waƙoƙi na romantic shine lakabin Lermontov "Parus".