Babban Rasha painters

Tun da lokaci da Baftisma na Rasha, wadda ta zo a karshen na X karni, a cikin zurfin na Orthodox Church ɓullo da wani peculiar da kuma musamman art, kira - Rasha iconography. Ita ce ta wanda kusan bakwai ƙarni zauna da zuciyar Rasha al'adu, da kuma kawai a zamanin mulkin Bitrus I aka tura ajiye wadanda mutane zanen.

Gumaka Mongolian lokaci

An sani cewa tare da Orthodox Rus aro daga Rum da kuma nasara da ta al'adu, samu a Kiev sarauta ta kara ci gaba. Idan da sa hannu na farko a gina a Kiev Desyatinny haikalin da aka yi da Prince Vladimir gayyace kasashen waje Masters, jimawa Rasha painters bayyana a Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Smolensk, da kuma a babban birnin kasar, mai suna ga Uwar Rasha birane. Don bambanta su aiki daga gumaka fentin da Byzantine malamai, yana da wuya, domin shi ba ya rike a cika ainihi na kasa makaranta a pre-Mongol lokaci more.

Don sun tsira sosai 'yan ayyukan da hukuncin kisa a wannan lokaci, amma ko da a cikinsu akwai real Masterpieces. A mafi daukan hankali na wadannan ne biyu-hanyar Novgorod icon "The Mai Tsarki Face", rubuta da wani ba a sani ba master a karshen na XII karni, a baya na wanda fage na "The girmama na Cross." Domin fiye da takwas ƙarni, shi ya sãme cikin viewer a cikin hoto da kuma m shading. A halin yanzu, icon ne a cikin tarin jihar Tretyakov Gallery. Hotuna da wannan icon buɗewa da labarin.

Other, babu kasa shahara aiki na pre-Mongol lokaci, ya nuna a Jihar Rasha Museum a St. Petersburg - shi ke kuma da Novgorod icon, da aka sani da "Mala'ikan Golden Hair." Face of wani mala'ika, cike da dabara wani tunanin da kuma zurfin lyricism, sa da viewer wani ra'ayi na kwantar da hankula da kuma tsabta. A ikon kai wannan irin tunani ya Rasha painters a gaba ɗayansa gada daga su Byzantine malamai.

Icon zanen lokaci na Mongol-Tatar karkiya

Mamayewa na Rasha Batu Khan, wajen qaddamar da lokacin da Tatar-Mongol karkiya, halin shafa hanyar rayuwa da dukan jihar. Yana bai tsere da tasiri da kuma Rasha iconography. Mai, kafa a baya art cibiyoyin da aka kama da hasãra da taro, kuma waɗanda suka shige general rabo, dandana wuya sau, wanda zai iya ba amma zai shafi sauran m matakin na ayyukan samar a cikin su.

Duk da haka, ko da a cikin wannan da wuya tsawon Rasha painters sun iya kirkiro nasa makaranta na zanen, kai nagarin wuri a cikin tarihi na duniya da al'adunsu. Special dagawa shi alama da biyu da rabi na XIV da XV karni kusan duk. A wannan lokacin a Rasha Na yi aiki a dukan galaxy na fice artists, cikin shahararrun wakilin wanda ya Andrei Rublev, wanda aka haifa a Moscow sarauta a 1360.

Author na m "Triniti"

Dauki zuhudu alkawuransu da sunan Andrew (ya wadanda mutane sunan unknown) a cikin 1405, a master halarci zanen da Gaske Shelar Cathedral na Moscow Kremlin, sa'an nan ɗauka cewa a Vladimir. Wadannan manyan-sikelin aiki na Andrei Rublev bauta tare da biyu sauran manyan artists - Theophanes da Girkanci da kuma Daniel Black, magana game da wanda za a tattauna a kasa.

Creativity aka dauke saman marinjãya a cikin Rasha icon zanen, wanda bai iya isa wani daya daga cikin shugabanninmu. A sarari da kuma shahararrun aiki ne "Triniti" - icon na Rublev, ana kiyaye a cikin Tretyakov Gallery a Moscow.

Amfani Tsohon Alkawari labarin, wanda ta dogara ne a kan wani episode aka bayyana a cikin 18th babi na Farawa (Liyãfa Ibrahim), da mayen Halicci abun da ke ciki, da dukan da al'ada, ya zuwa yanzu ta zarce duk sauran analogues. Bar dole ba, a ra'ayinsa, labari sassa, ya mayar da hankali ga viewer ta da hankali a kan uku mala'iku Figures, NUNA a Triipostasnogo Allah - fili wanda shi ne Triniti Mai Tsarki.

Image, NUNA Allantaka

Rublev ta icon nuna hadin kai na uku Allah cikin jiki. Wannan shi ne cimma a wannan tushe kumshin mafita sa da'irar da samar da wani adadi mala'iku. Irin wannan hadin kai, a da mutum dauki dabam ne wani integrally kafa, cewa ya kwatanta babban soyayya ga abin da ake kira Iisus Hristos. Saboda haka, "Triniti" - icon na Rublev, ya zama wani irin magana na ruhaniya fuskantarwa dukkan Kiristanci.

Andrei Rublev ya mutu a kan Oktoba 17, 1428, aka azabtar da irin annoba da ya barke a Moscow. Aka binne shi a kan ƙasa da Andronikov sufi, inda mutuwa katse aikinsa a kan zanen Mai Ceto Cathedral. A shekarar 1988, an yanke shawarar na Local Council na Rasha Orthodox Church m Andrew (Rublev) aka canonized a cikin tsarkaka.

A shawarta daga cikin manyan Masters

A cikin tarihi na Rasha iconography kusa Andrei Rublev ne ya zamani Daniel Chorny. Gumaka, ko kuma wajen, da frescoes yi da su a lokacin da zanen na ɗauka Cathedral a Vladimir, don haka irin wannan a cikin m siffofin da cewa kwararru sau da yawa wuya su tsayar da takamaiman ingancin danganta.

Masu bincike akwai dalilai to yi imani da cewa yin tare da Rublev umarni, Daniel aiki a matsayin wani babban jami'in da gogaggen Jagora, watakila ma a shawarta. A wannan hasashe, sukar ayan sanyã wa shi da waɗanda ayyukansu a cikin abin da ya fi fili bayyane rinjayar tsohon makaranta na icon zanen na XIV karni. A mafi daukan hankali misali ne fresco "ƙirjin Ibrahim", kiyaye to wannan rana a ɗauka cewa Cathedral of Vladimir. Photo na daya daga cikin jẽfo wani ɓaɓɓake daga zane-zane na babban coci Earsbe wannan sashe daga cikin labarin.

Mutu Daniil Chorny, kamar yadda Andrei Rublev, a sakamakon wani annoba a 1528, aka binne shi kusa da shi a Andronik sufi. Dukansu artists bari mai yawa na dalibai ga wanda halitta su ne zane-zane da kuma almara, ya yi aiki a matsayin model ga nan gaba ayyukansu.

Rasha fenta na Byzantine asalin

Babu kasa daukan hankali misali na iconography wannan zamani zai iya zama a matsayin aikin Feofana Greka. An haife shi a 1340 a Rum (daga inda ya laƙabi), ya koya asirin art, koyo daga gane Masters Konstantinoful da Chalcedon.

Akuma ga Rasha riga ya kafa wani mai zane-zane, ya zaunar da a Novgorod, Theophane fara wani sabon lokaci na aiki tare da zanen da ya zo saukar da mu sau da Church of Transfiguration. Kiyaye su a cikin shi, da kuma maye mural depicting Almasihu Pantocrator, da Jikoki, da annabawa, kazalika da yawan Littafi Mai Tsarki al'amuran.

Ya m style ne halin high jituwa, kazalika da kammala qagaggun, an san ta, Sahaban, da kuma mabiya master bayyana. Wannan a fili evidenced murals na coci na ɗauka da Fedor Stratelita sanya a daidai wannan lokacin, sauran artists, amma ya bar hujjõji bayyanannu daga rinjayar Byzantine zanen Masters.

Duk da haka, a cikin gaba ɗayansa, kerawa Feofana Greka saukar a Moscow, inda ya koma a 1390 shekaru, sun zauna kuma yi aiki don wani lokaci a Nizhny Novgorod. A cikin babban birnin kasar master aka tsunduma ba kawai fentin haikalin da kuma gidajen arziki 'yan kasa, amma kuma halittar gumaka da littafin graphics.

An yi imani da cewa a karkashin jagorancin, da Kremlin fentin da dama majami'u da aka za'ayi, ciki har da Church of Nativity na Virgin, Arhangela Mihaila da Gaske Shelar. Its marubucin aka dangana ga halittar wani yawan shahara icons - "The Transfiguration Ubangiji" (photos a cikin wannan sashe na da labarin), "Don icon na Uwar Allah" da kuma "The ɗauka cewa daga cikin Uwar Allah." Out Rayuwa Jagora a 1410.

Mai kyau mai karɓar Masters na baya

Magajin da m hadisai kafa ta Andrei Rublev da Sahaban, ya zama Diyonisiyas, ɗan majalisar - fenta, icon aka kashe domin babban coci coci na ɗauka daga cikin Albarka Virgin Mary Joseph Volokolamsk sufi, kazalika da frescoes da iconostasis Ferapontov sufi, har abada a cikin taskar Rasha al'adu.

An sani cewa Diyonisiyas, ɗan majalisar, da bambanci ga masu rinjaye na cikin gida da painters, ya ba da wani m. Mai umarni da ya za'ayi da 'ya'yansa maza, Vladimir kuma Theodosius. Yana ta tsira mai yawa ayyuka da hukuncin kisa da artist kansa ko ko dai jagorancin shi m. Mafi shahara a cikinsu, akwai gumaka - "Baftisma Almasihu", "The Virgin Hodegetria" (gaba photo), "Descent a cikin Jahannama", kazalika da dama sauran ayyuka.

Shekaru ransa ba da kafa, shi ne kaɗai ya sani cewa master aka haifi kewaye da 1444, da kuma ranar mutuwa da ake kira kamar 1502-1508 shekaru. Amma ya taimako ba kawai a Rasha amma kuma a cikin al'adun duniya ne don haka mai girma cewa da hukuncin UNESCO 2002 da aka ayyana da Year of Diyonisiyas, ɗan majalisar.

Rasha painters na 17th karni. Simon Ushakov

Duk wani rabo na tarihi a cikin lokaci na m sarari Yunƙurin ko ƙi, shi ne sosai matukar, domin ko a cikin lokaci na lokaci da cewa ba alama fitowan da gagarumin ayyuka, ba shakka, kafa preconditions ga halittar su nan gaba.

Yana a fili za a iya gani a yadda fasali na zaman jama'a da kuma rayuwar ruhaniya na Rasha na XVI karni ya impetus canza, samar da sabon m siffofin da lafiya art gaba karni.

Hakika, mafi daukan hankali da kuma asali m hali na XVII karni shi ne babban birnin kasar fenta Simon Ushakov (1626 - 1686). Jima kẽwaye asirin fasaha, ya riga a cikin shekaru ashirin da biyu da aka yi ijara da matsayin artist na Azurfa bẽne, Ubangijin domin, inda ya aiki ya yi almara ga yi na coci kayayyakinsa da luxuries.

Bugu da kari, matasa master fentin Banners, kusantar maps, ƙirƙira ado ga needlework kuma yi yawa fiye da irin wannan aiki. Ya yi ma rubuta image for daban-daban haikalin da kuma masu zaman kansu gidajensu. A tsawon lokaci, shi ne wannan yanki na kerawa kawo shi daraja da karimci.

Bayan da canja wuri na ma'aikatan na gidan makamai (1656), Simon Ushakov ya kahu sosai da kanta a matsayin mafi gane artists a lokacinsa. Babu sauran Moscow fenta da irin wannan daraja, da kuma aka ba kamar yadda falala a kansu daga sarauta ni'ima. Wannan yarda da shi ya zauna a rayuwa na girmamawa da kuma wadata.

Duk da cewa Rasha painters aka bukata rubuta su aiki kawai a kan tsoho model, Ushakov amince amfani a cikin qagaggun da mutum abubuwa na Yammacin zanen, wanda a wannan lokacin duk samfurori bayyana a cikin mafi girma lambobi a Rasha. Zama a kan tushen da 'yan qasar Rasha-Byzantine hadisai, amma a lokaci guda ir} iro reworked cimma Turai Masters, da artist ya halitta sabon, da ake kira fryazhskie style aka kara raya a cikin aikin na painters na baya lokacin. Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi wani photo na sanannen icon "The Last bukin", rubuta da master a 1685 domin Dormition Cathedral na Triniti-Sergius Lavra.

An yi fice master of fresco zanen

The biyu da rabi na XVII karni alama da aikin wani mai master - Gury Nikitin. An haife shi a Kostroma, mai yiwuwa a farkon 1620 ta, ya kasance daga wasu matasa shekaru ya yi karatu zanen. Duk da haka, da tsanani da kwarewa tsiwirwirinsu novice master a Moscow, inda a 1653, tare da tawagar da ya countrymen tsunduma a zanen da dama daga cikin babban birnin kasar ta Ibada.

Gury Nikitin, wanda aikin ne daban-daban a kowace shekara duk mai kamala, da aka sani da farko a matsayin master of fresco zanen. Mun tsira da yawa zane-zane da aka yi a gidajen lama da mutum majami'u a Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Pereslavl da Suzdal.

A halayyar alama na frescoes sanya a cikin mayen a kan Littafi Mai Tsarki batutuwa, shi ne su celebratory launi da dandano da richness na symbolism, ga abin da a artist ta rayuwa sau da yawa soki secularization na art, da cewa shi ne reorient ta lalacewa da matsaloli na duniya. Bugu da kari, sakamakon da m bincike zama na musamman m dabara, damar da ubangijinsu ya haifar a cikin qagaggun wani matsanancin sarari sakamako. A art tarihi, sai ya tafi a karkashin sunan "dabara Gury Nikitin". Mashahuri mai zane-zane ya mutu a 1691.

Creativity Feodora Zubova

A karshe, magana game da iconography na XVII karni, ba su ambaci sunan wani babban master - shi ne Theodore Zubov (1646-1689). An haife shi a Smolensk, ya kasance a cikin farkon 1650 ta, har yanzu wani saurayi ya koma Great Ustyug, inda daya daga cikin majami'u fentin da icon "The Mai Tsarki Face", nan da nan ya kafa masa suna a matsayin balagagge artist.

A tsawon lokaci, sai ya shahara ne saboda haka yadada cikin Rasha, cewa artist aka kirã su zuwa ga Moscow da kuma shiga cikin ma'aikatan painters gidan makamai, inda ya yi aiki na fiye da shekara arba'in baya. Bayan rasuwar Simon Ushakov, shekaru da yawa kai na tattara akwai Masters, Feodor Zubov ya kama wuri. Daga cikin wasu ayyuka na master ya samu na musamman suna icon "apostolate", wanda ya kammala da photo takarda. A cancanci taimako ga ci gaban Rasha art da Zubov kuma da 'ya'ya maza - Ivan da Alex, sun zama a cikin shekaru Peter daga cikin mafi kyau gida sassake.