Simon Ushakov: biography, kuma mafi kyau aiki iconographer (photo)

Venerable, ta yawo da kotun na Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, wanda yana da Multi-faceted iyawa - fãce icons rubuta frescoes, miniatures, samar woodcuts - cewa ya Simon Ushakov, wanda biography shan wahala daga rashin a daidai ranar da watan haihuwa da kuma na unknown asalin. Amma wannan shi ne ci gaba, kamar yadda manyan magabata Andrei Rublev da Feofana Greka ba a sani ba da lambar ko wata ko shekara da haihuwa, da kuma karshen, da kuma ranar mutuwa da aka alama tare da prefix "game da".

Yana ba da wani m marubucin

A Ushakov sani mai yawa, ko da abin da Simon - yana da ya laƙabi, kuma aka kira shi, aka raɗa masa suna Pimen. Yana zama da aka sani, saboda da icon fenta Simon Ushakov shi ne na farko su sa su haƙƙin mallaka ayyukansu. Kuma a nan, a kan daya daga cikin gumaka, kammala a cikin 1677, ya nuna cewa, ya rubuta ta Pimen Fedorov, da ake kira Bitrus Ushakov. Da biyu sunayen sun kasance a waɗannan kwanaki hadisin - daya "lurking" samu a baftisma, aka keɓe wa Allah. Yana ba za a iya magana a banza. Wani, "The Call", yau da kullum, aka nufi zuwa rayuwa. bayanai game da artist za a iya gleaned daga sa hannu a kan wasu gumaka - daya daga cikinsu da aka sa a cikin Jojiyanci Church a kasar Sin-gari. A gaskiya, mafi yawan ayyukan da ya sanya hannu.

sabon yayi

Ushakov Simon Fedorovich, sanannen Moscow fenta na XVII karni da aka dauke su a shahararren wakilin art na karshe lokacin da Muscovite Rasha, wanda ya fara da gina Kremlin, wanda ya zama alama ce ta wani united kasar. Wani sabon mataki a cikin tarihi na Rasha al'adu ne halin da sababbin hanyoyi da ta halarci ga wanda aka nuna abu. Art da kuma gine na zamanin d Rasha tunawa da basira da wakilan daban-daban da makarantu, gami da Italian. Dukan su yi aiki a kan yi da kuma zanen da Kremlin bẽnãye. New aukuwa yi gine-gine, iconography da sauran iri art mafi ado Paints ne haske da kuma images - plasticity.

Rasha Renaissance

Kullum, wannan lokaci na mika mulki daga haihuwa zuwa sabon art ya mai haske da kuma cike da Masterpieces na iyawa (fenta Simon - babban wakilin) mutane. Kuma haka a cikin tarihi na biyu da rabi na XVII karni ne sau da yawa idan aka kwatanta da kasashen yammacin Renaissance ko Baroque. Lalle ne, da albarku samu kowane irin art kuma yi. Architecture wadãta - don gina manya-manyan yawan Ibada.

asĩri a cikin, asalin

Simon Ushakov - a talented fenta kuma mai hoto artist, bayyana daga farkon shekarun da ya yi karatu fasaha na artist, kamar yadda da wuya kowa a gaban shi, kuma bayan shan a silvering a unguwa na aikin matsayin Znamenshchikov a irin wannan matashi - 22 years old. A daidai ranar haihuwa ba a sani, kamar yadda na asali. Akwai kawai haihuwa shekara - 1626 da kuma nuna cewa, Simon Ushakov zo daga gari, da cewa shi ne, ya zo daga wani na da kadarori ƙa'ida free mutane. Ko da yake daya daga cikinsu hannu da kuma gumaka (kamar yadda muka gani a sama, ya farko ya zo da su koma ga aikinsu) ya saba wa wannan - akwai iconographer kira kansa "Moscow bafadan." Mafi m, ya ba karya, kuma daga baya samu cikin suna a matsayin alamar musamman fifiko a kan wani ɓangare na waɗanda suke a cikin ikon. Wani masanin Ushakov - Boris Shevatov - rubuta cewa Simon ma hereditary bafadan da kuma dalilin da ya sa yana da damar da za su Master da fasaha, sa'an nan samun jama'a matsayi da wani albashi.

A bambancin da iyawa

A wuri na farko sabis a cikin aikinsu hada da halittar da almara na daban-daban iri: zinariya, da azurfa, da enamel na coci kayayyakinsa. Banners fentin a matsayin wani ɓangare na da nauyin da matsayin ci gaban alamu da motifs for kõre da mai walƙiya. Number ake bukata don yin ayyuka da aka girma, amma Simon Ushakov da lokacin rubuta duk lokacin da image ga Church da kuma ga mutane, sannu a hankali ya zama mafi shahara icon fenta. Kwararrun masana'antu cards, fentin coci ganuwar, kyau notches a kan bindigogi - duk wadannan da yawa wasu talented wannan mutumin shahara.

masu tsattsauran ra'ayi himma

Fasaha, da wuya aiki, ban yi kusantar da hankalin hukumomi, da kuma a 1664 ya aka canjawa wuri zuwa gidan makamai, wanda aka ƙaddara a kan wani da-biya matsayi, "koka painters." Honed iyawa, daraja ne na girma, kuma a yanzu a kai na duk painters na Moscow zama Simon Ushakov. Biography of masa daga baya rai da shawara cewa, ya kasance ba su saba da yawa artists yawa ana hade da talauci da kuma rashin amincewa. A karshe na m painters na pre-Petrine zamanin ya mutu a Moscow a 1686, kewaye da daraja da dukiya, kuma fitarwa.

Shadow maki biography

Ko da yake akwai kasance wasu m lokacin - a 1665, da artist fadi a kunya. Ya aka ma aika zuwa wani sufi, a fili a Ugreshsky. Amma ainihin adadin ne ba a sani ba, a matsayin hanyar da hangula sarki - ko dai tsirara a daya daga cikin hotuna, ko m jawabinsa game da Old Muminai. Duk da haka, a cikin 1666 da artist sake ambata a matsayin sarauta bawa.

A farko icon

A farko da aka sani aiki ne na master aka dauke su hoto na Our Lady of Vladimir, dating baya zuwa 1652. Yana ne na ƙwarai ne kawai da cewa, shekaru biyar bayan ya farko ya ga hasken Ruhu Mai Face Simona Ushakova. Game da shi jayayya, ya iya son shi ko ba, amma hoton ya zama sananne a take hakkin da canons na rubuce-rubuce. Yana siffofi bayyana idon basira, ya hankali da kuma juz'i na fuskantarsu. Yesu yana da gashin ido, da idanu haske kamar yadda idan daga hawaye. Kuma, duk da wannan, da Church ya soma gunki. Hakika, shi ya ba wani sauyi kalma a cikin iconography, amma kome sabon, ba shakka, ya.

programmatically

Duk wadannan hotunan da aka rubuta a 'yan - wasu masana yi imani da cewa shi ya zama mai shirin a cikin artist. Kokarin kamar yadda zai yiwu kusa ubrus, wanda, sharkaf fuska, Almasihu da kansa ya bar banmamaki image Ushakov duk lokacin, za su inganta ta icons - canza wasu fasaloli, ƙara ko cire tasirin. An yi imani da cewa artist kansa da kuma almajiransa halitta a karkashin studio zama na farko da Western artists zama. Suka fara kawo mutum halaye Zagayawar a cikin fuskõkin tsarkaka, wanda ba ya cikin tsohon Rasha icon zanen. Makaranta wakilan Ushakov, a kansa kalmomi, kokarin "to rubuta sama-sama ne Kai," cewa gabatowa a cikin aikinsa zuwa ga gaskiya da cewa su aka mai tsanani soki Tsohon Muminai (Habakkuk janar ce Ushakov, zane na Almasihu, kãfircẽ). Tsarki Face Simona Ushakova, kwanan rana 1670 shekara, aka rubuta ga Triniti Cathedral na Alexander shiri. Yanzu an adana a cikin gidan makamai.

Images zama mafi mutum

Fuskoki da gumaka Ushakova Muminai strikingly daban-daban daga cikin hotuna a wanda sunan shi ne wani bayani na wannan. Tsohon, tam adana bikin for ƙarni shibtarsu da irin rubutu gumaka, da nisa sosai daga gaskiya. Duhunta lokacin su ne strikingly daban-daban daga cikin haske, domin "Allah ne hasken", wani m da soothing images of tsarkaka tare da Ushakov gumaka. A cikin aikinsa na farko lokacin da za a gama da tsohon zamanin da Rasha art kuma mafi idon basira shugabanci.

A cikin ayyukansu a karon farko akwai abubuwa na "fryazheskogo" ko yammacin art. Ya yiwo aro su hangen zaman gaba, da kuma wani lokacin da mãkirci - "Bakwai M Zunubai". Akwai da dama, Western zane-zane da kwafi a kan batun.

m Credo

Kammala jerin girma Rasha icon painters - Feofana Greka, Andrei Rublev, Diyonisiyas, ɗan majalisar - Simon Ushakov zama wata gada na gaba mataki na ci gaba da Rasha zanen. Ya views on art, a kan nauyin da mawallafa aikinsu a kan gaskiya daga cikin malama na nuna abu ne da aka nuna a cikin littafinsa "A kalma zuwa lyubotschatelnomu wurin hutawa rubuce-rubucen", saki a 1666, rubuta yiwuwa a link. Da ra'ayoyi bayyana ta marubucin a cikin ta, don haka m, cewa wasu masu sukar sun bayyana ra'ayin cewa shi ne, ba haka m ya kyakkyawan aiki. A cikin littafin ya waka "madubi manufa", magana game da amfani ga daidaito na image. A wannan batun, wani sabon m an ci gaba da artist haruffa - kananan, dabara ta shãfi cewa yin launi mika mulki ganuwa, suka kira "ninkaya" da kuma aka lebur. Wannan sanya shi yiwuwa a zana a wani m fuska, wanda yake kusa da na ainihi launi, yi da wani taso Chin, kuma wuyansa, jaddada kumburi na lebe, a hankali zana a cikin ido. Dukan waɗannan dabaru Ushakov honed a kan su fi so images - Mai-Ceto da kuma Virgin.

A miƙa mulki ga hoto

Saboda wannan shi lokacin da yake rayuwa da aka kira da "Rasha Raphael". Kuma ba a banza. Saboda na farko hoto na Simon Ushakov, ko kuma wajen hannunsa, ko parsuna (akwai da magana, daga Latin lokaci persona - hali) - kuma wani sabon kalma a cikin art. Ya fentin wani hoto dutsen kabari Skopin-Shumsky, dama sauran parsuna Moscow nobility. Ga hoto aiki za a iya dangana ta zuwa ga mafi shahara icon, wanda aka dauke su mafi girma aiki na XVII karni, m da kuma siyasa shirin na zamanin - "The Tree Jihar Moscow", da aka sani kuma a karkashin sunan "Gõdiya ta Our Lady of Vladimir" ko kawai "" Our Lady of Vladimir ", a can da kuma sauran sunayen.

Home mayen

A wannan sabon abu icon, fãce da Kremlin ganuwar, fentin mafi gaskiya kuma located a kasa na hoto, siffanta ɗauka cewa Cathedral. Wannan babban dakin ibada na Rasha jihar ne kuma wanda aka nuna da daukar hoto daidaici. Ƙafarsa mutane biyu dasa wani itace "na Rasha jihar - a tãra na Rasha ƙasashe Ivan Kalita da kuma Moscow Lardi Bitrus, a sanannun cewa underwent wata alama ce iko na ruhaniya a cikin Metropolitan sashen na Moscow, Vladimir, denoting haka da ikon tsaye.

Aiki - tarihi almara

A cikin rassan itace, Simon Ushakov shirya medallions, wanda suka hotuna na mutane - sarakuna (Fedor, Mikhail Fedorovich, Tsarevich Dmitry) da kuma mai tsarki ɗakin sujada tare da littattafan a hannuwansu, su aikata dukan abin ya karfafa Moscow jihar da kuma babban birnin kasar Moscow - da siyasa da kuma ruhaniya cibiyar. Dama - da sarki Ayyũba, da Filaret. Metropolitan Jonah, Alexis, Cyprian, kuma Philip Photios. Hagu - Sergius da Nikon Radonezh da kuma sauran rukunnan da na Orthodoxy. Hotuna Alexei Mikhailovich, wanda ya yi umurni da Ushakov a babba yawa, sun ba tsira. Kuma da ban sha'awa da kuma gagarumin parsuna a kan icon, kamar yadda marubucin kokarin ba ta da cikakken kama da asali. Sarkin kansa, da matarsa da biyu na Tsarevich Alexei da Fyodor, ya nuna wani rukuni tsaye a cikin Kremlin. The girgije mala'iku karba daga hannun mai ceto ya dangana da ikon for Alexei Mikhailovich. Duk wannan alama ce ta bikin aure da tsari a cikin mulkin duniya shugabanni na sama sarki. A tsakiyar icon ne Face na Vladimir Uwar Allah tare da jariri Yesu a ta makamai. A zane da aka sanya hannu, kamar sauran na Simon Ushakov.

Sauran ayyukan baiwa

Don ayyukansa hada da frescoes a kan ganuwar da Palace na fuskoki dabam-dabam da kuma fadar sarki na Kremlin ganuwar da Mala'iku Cathedral na ɗauka. Ganin mawuyaci da bambancin da aikin (bisa almara Ushakov minted tsabar kudi), akwai mutane da yawa ƙwarai.

Specific kalmomi cancanci icon Simon Ushakov. Bayan sama Vernicle daban-daban gyare-gyare da kuma da dama icons Dame Vladimir, da aka sani fuskoki Christos Emmanuel, Our Lady of Kazan, Gaske Shelar akan giciye.

Tsaka mataki zanen

Yau akwai 50 gumaka, wanda aka sanya hannu da Simon Ushakov. "Triniti" da daraja a raba bayanin. Sanya shi a cikin adulthood - a 1671. Kwanan aka nuna kuma daga Adam da kuma Almasihu. Kumbura captions sukan yi a gaban gefe na yanar gizo. Adana icon tun shekara ta 1925, Rasha Museum, wanda ya zo daga Gatchina Palace. A abun da ke ciki na icons aro daga Andrei Rublev, wanda aikin, kamar yadda aka fiye ĩmãni, shi ne mafi ƙaranci daga gare ikon ruhi da kuma falsafa kara. Wannan shi ne saboda da glut na zane a hankali rubuta daga gidan abubuwa. Wadannan wadanda mutane bayani da wasu daga cikin gumaka kamar wani zanen. Simon Ushakov ta ko da yaushe sha'awar. Ya aka tsunduma ga gyara shi, da cewa shi ne na maido da zane-zane. A gaskiya, "Triniti" shi ne wani mataki miƙa mulki daga gumaka zuwa art a tsarkake form. Ya aka labartawa da Masters Yammacin makarantu da kuma wani lokacin aro bango for your gumaka a cikin irin wannan babbar artists kamar yadda Veronese. Saboda haka Ushakov ne ba kawai mai girma fenta amma kuma a talented fenta kuma mai hoto artist.

Dalibai da kuma abokan aiki

To ya da yawa, talanti hada da kyautar koyarwa. Simon Ushakov ko aiki a kan wani littafi da ya dalibai, da littafin da ake kira "Alphabet Art". Bayan mutuwarsa, wanda ya faru Yuni 25, 1686, aka yi wata babbar art makaranta mabiya, daga cikinsu da dalibai suna da irin babbar artists da painters kamar Tikhon Filatov, Kirill Ulanov, George Zinoviev, Ivan Maximov Mikhail Milutin.